Since modern biology has developed rapidly, a wide range of applications have been payed increasing attention. When it comes to the protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum as a conduit to human disease, biological functions could be significant. In eukaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein folding and transport of basic organelles. Environmental interference or increasing protein synthesis might cause protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum; error protein and unfolded protein are accumulated to be called as endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this case, certain cells activates unfolded protein response in order to restore their homeostasis. If the protein misfolding is not resolved, those cells will die.

On the other hand, antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era is also the core of modern biology. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing crisis in modern health sector. Revolution of pathogens’ drug resistance and the widespread of resistant bacteria make some treatable diseases become sort of difficult. However, with the rise of resistant bacteria in medical world, the development of antibiotics appeared to be quite failed. Given the fact, it is necessary to analyze the factors leading to the rise of drug resistance. Clearly, understanding the history of antibiotic research and its development process could be helpful to deepen the advances of antibiotics and microbes.

Last year Science magazine introduced the cutting-edge biology in the form of highlight, namely the plankton biology. Speaking of vital ecosystems, most people would first think of the rainforest, in fact, plankton is equally important. Biology frontiers involve a wide range of fields, which means scientists are continuously discovering more effective biological applications, such as anti-inflammatory peptides and antifungal protein.

In addition, the rRNA is also a particular focus for new frontiers. Biologists have known the existence of an unusual molecule for decades-cyclic RNA (circRNA). Compared with linear RNA, circRNA accessed less attention, but also more difficult to study. With the help of bioinformatics, biochemical analysis and in-depth sequencing, researchers now have an unprecedented understanding towards these mysterious molecules. Maybe later studies will reveal the potential capabilities and amazing abundance of circRNA in nervous system.