In addition, bionics recently-obtained great achievements also include mimicking of aquaporin molecules (proteins that form pores in the membranes of cells) for desalinization; the production of spider silk with manufacturing strength and flexibility; the efficiency of the development in new light synthesis catalyst to improve the solar cell.

Bioinspiration has played an important role in efforts to solve problems related to health, energy efficiency, food safety and other biological issues (teduglutide). To achieve this, researchers must make better use of knowledge and expertise of biologists, ecologists, microbiologists or biochemists, and specialists in evolution, organization, cell level, or molecules.

The field of biomimicry mostly involves chemists, engineers and materials scientists. Over the past three months, Thomson Reuters Web of Science has included about 300 bionics papers, among which fewer than 8% is focused on biomimetics. And in most papers on biomimetics, the species involved are very monotonous. Taking the papers published last year as the example, more than 80% researchers consider only one species or refer to a biological element such as cells and enzymes in only a generalized way.

With around 1.5 million described species, and probably some 9 million eukaryotic species in existence, bionics research may still remain in the surface of biological inspiration. Biologists that have obtained a wealth of expertise can provide guidance for the diversity of natural and experimental systems. Understanding the characteristics of a particular organism can bring special applications. On the other hand, biologists can help researchers to the problem at hand with a particular species, environmental conditions or evolutionary match. For example, the general conditions of understanding the evolution of altruism, such as a high probability of repeated encounters, may be able to provide a reference for architects and urban planners, to promote cooperation among people.

Evolutionary biologists, in particular, could help biomimicry researchers to use entire species evolutionary chain to test the formation and function of environment-related theory. Comparative study has also found a species of copy limitations. Prosperity through evolution of species must have a lot of success factors, such as favorable genetic variation.

Currently, various funds are increasingly supporting research in innovative biological research and more applied factors. The following four points to promote more crossover between biology and biomimetics are as followed.

1. Changes to education could encourage bionics researchers to gain more biological expertise. At present, undergraduates engaged in bionics are more likely to choose the ‘application field’, such as engineering, architecture or chemistry. These students should be required to take courses in the area of biology, as well as chemistry and molecular biology.

2. We need textbooks that cover the basic concepts of biology principles, rather than just focusing on the applications.

3. Promoting the opportunities of interdisciplinary cooperation could also be helpful. In order to increase opportunities for the cooperation of biologists and bionics, we should convene an international conference, which could allow biologists and those interested in bioinspired applications to work together based on their probable ability to solve a problem.

4. Certain relevant enterprises should hire more biologists, because teamwork is the key to making bionics research gain more successes.

In brief, science research requires great teamwork, so it’s necessary to make scientists all over the world participate together, in order to achieve the goal of improving people’s modern life to a better degree.

Since modern biology has developed rapidly, a wide range of applications have been payed increasing attention. When it comes to the protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum as a conduit to human disease, biological functions could be significant. In eukaryotic cells, endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein folding and transport of basic organelles. Environmental interference or increasing protein synthesis might cause protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum; error protein and unfolded protein are accumulated to be called as endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this case, certain cells activates unfolded protein response in order to restore their homeostasis. If the protein misfolding is not resolved, those cells will die.

On the other hand, antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era is also the core of modern biology. Antibiotic resistance is one of the most pressing crisis in modern health sector. Revolution of pathogens’ drug resistance and the widespread of resistant bacteria make some treatable diseases become sort of difficult. However, with the rise of resistant bacteria in medical world, the development of antibiotics appeared to be quite failed. Given the fact, it is necessary to analyze the factors leading to the rise of drug resistance. Clearly, understanding the history of antibiotic research and its development process could be helpful to deepen the advances of antibiotics and microbes.

Last year Science magazine introduced the cutting-edge biology in the form of highlight, namely the plankton biology. Speaking of vital ecosystems, most people would first think of the rainforest, in fact, plankton is equally important. Biology frontiers involve a wide range of fields, which means scientists are continuously discovering more effective biological applications, such as anti-inflammatory peptides and antifungal protein.

In addition, the rRNA is also a particular focus for new frontiers. Biologists have known the existence of an unusual molecule for decades-cyclic RNA (circRNA). Compared with linear RNA, circRNA accessed less attention, but also more difficult to study. With the help of bioinformatics, biochemical analysis and in-depth sequencing, researchers now have an unprecedented understanding towards these mysterious molecules. Maybe later studies will reveal the potential capabilities and amazing abundance of circRNA in nervous system.

1.Chronic inflammation always grows with the age, and more inflammation in human organs could occur such as arthritis. Actually, prevalence is not only in the joints, as well as the brain cells, arteries, heart valves and the like.

2.Many natural and man-made factors can result in genetic mutations. And as we grow older, treated mechanism of cells will become more and more erratic, which might cause gene malignant degeneration deterioration.

3.As a power station for depleted cells, mitochondria need certain chemical substances to ensure the viability of cells and remove the cell toxins. Obviously, if the charge procedure become weakened, then myocardial infarction, muscle tissue recession, chronic fatigue, or neurological diseases could develop.

4.As for hormone imbalance, millions of body cells can synchronize the work accurately under the support of these hormones. With aging process, this balance will become irregular, which could lead to a variety of diseases, including depression, osteoporosis, coronary artery disease.

5.Through special channels in the cell membrane, calcium ions out of the cell can play an important role in aging, because aging process can destroy the channel for calcium ions, leading to brain cells, heart valves, vascular wall in the accumulation of excess calcium.

6.In order to generate the energy for body, human body requires fatty acids. And essential fatty acids could be inadequate after growing older. Therefore, a series of aging signs will occur, such as irregular heartbeat, joint degeneration, fatigue, dry skin, basic fibroblast growth factor, etc.

7.Various enzymatic reactions are often existed in unbalanced intracellular synchronization. Year after year, it gradually loses the necessary balance. Such problem could first place in brain and liver, which is also the cause of a neurological disease or toxic tissue damage.

8.The lack of digestive enzymes could also be the possible reason. With aging, the pancreas gradually get exhausted and are unable to produce enough enzymes, causing chronic digestive insufficiency.

9.After years, capillary permeability starts to get destroyed, including the brain, eyes and skin. Thus, blood circulation failure might result in large and small stroke, vision loss, wrinkles, and so on.

10. As is seen, the oxidative stress has brought a lot of troubles for most people, especially the free radicals on aged people. Such reaction could affect the normal flow of many physiological processes, thereby increasing the burden on the body, causing various diseases.

Generally, population aging is the result of economic and social development, but it is not entirely a sign of progress. The essence of aging problem is the discordance and mismatch between the change of population age structure and economic and social development. Based on the fact, analyzing the basic characteristics of aging problem from process perspective might be helpful in delaying aging problems.

Actually, small peptide has important protein nutrition effect as well. In addition to providing amino acids for the animals, such peptide has a variety of physiological activity. In order to realize the optimum performance, a certain number of small peptides are required for animals. With the in-depth research on proteins and amino acids, more and more people come to realize the importance of peptide nutrition, such as palmitoyl pentapeptide and pure argireline. Certainly, not any kind of small peptides could have the same effects. Furthermore, the best small peptide species for different animals may be limited.

Due to the large number of proteases and peptidases in animals, people used to believe that animal proteins can be absorbed and utilized when they are degraded into free amino acids after the degradation of small peptide. Therefore, in the past decades, scientists usually regarded the amino acids as the main nutrition of medical research, industrial production, career pursuit, as well as the food. In the 1960s, scientists presented the convincing evidence that small peptide can be completely absorbed and utilized. According to this major discovery, people gradually accept the opinion that peptide can be directly absorbed by animals.

A mixture of amino acids and small peptide has a higher absorption rate in human body than simple amino acids. In addition, small peptide can protect the amino acids that are easy to be damaged. A simple amino acid can compose new peptides and proteins based on its own need, while the mixture of small peptide and amino acids can omit part of the regrouping process. Given the fact, small peptide has a higher biological potency.

Studying small peptide’ carrying structure and function is helpful in revealing the role of the relationship between the carrier and small peptide. It has been taken as the core for current transport mechanism. With rapid development of modern peptide technology, small peptide will play an important role in the transmission information of animal body, transport carrier, and the transportation of nutrients. In brief, small peptide will possess a broader prospect in the future.

1. The best way to preserve serum
We recommend that serum should be stored at -5℃ to -20℃. If you can not run out of a bottle, you should aseptically package the serum into a appropriate sterile container, and then put back into the freezer.

2. How to thaw the serum without damaging the quality of products?
We recommend that you should first dissolve it in the refrigerator (usually at 2-8 ℃) after removing the serum from freezer. Then, it is the whole solution at room temperature. It must be noted that the dissolution process should be dealt regularly.

3. How to deal with the problem after thawing serum with flocculent precipitate?
Serum precipitate occurs for a number of reasons, but the most common reason is due to the degeneration of serum lipoproteins. And fibrin (one protein coagulation) will exist in the serum after the serum is thawing. It is also one of the main causes of serum precipitate. But the flocculent precipitate does not affect the quality of the serum itself. Maybe some other chemical substances require the process too, such as hexapeptide.

If you want to remove the flocculent precipitate you can dispense the serum into a sterile centrifuge tube and centrifuged slightly to 400g; the supernatant can be followed along the inner filter media. We do not recommend you to remove the flocculent precipitate through filtration, because it can clog your filter membrane.

4. What is heat-inactivated process? Is it necessary to do this?
Thawed serum should generally be processed at 56℃ for 30 minutes because this heating step can make the complement lose the activity. In terms of the involved complement reactions, they generally means the release of cytolytic activity, contraction of smooth muscle, mast cells and platelets histamine, enhanced phagocytosis, chemotaxis and activation of lymphocytes and macrophage.

Experiments show that heat-inactivated serum after handled correctly is unnecessary for most of the cells. In addition, processed serum could only slightly promote the cell growth, or absolutely no obvious effect. Sometimes, because the high temperature usually affects the quality of serum, the cell growth rate might decrease apace. In brief, precipitate formation requires more attention.

5. How to avoid sediment?
We recommend you to pay attention to the right thawing steps while using the serum, and try to avoid prolonging the inactivated process of serum or placing serum in high temperature environments.

To be honest, serum operation has been constantly helpful in biotechnological areas, such as cell research and peptide synthesis so that it’s necessary to improve related measurement process. Briefly, biotech has developed rapidly, so it demands sort of overall progress. Serum operation is one of the kind.

1. Genes & Development (UK): https://genesdev.cshlp.org/
The magazine is a monthly publication under the British Genetic Association, which has been named as one of the ten outstanding scientific journals because its papers are pretty good. At present, this page provides the article directories and summaries from January, 1995 to the present.

2. The Lancet (USA): https://www.thelancet.com
It is founded in 1823, usually regarded as a very well-known magazine among the worldwide medical journals. The page provides readers with a lot of online full papers. Users only need to register for browsing; all of this is free.

3. Immunity (USA): https://www.immunity.com
It is published by the US Cytology Press, which provides all the article summaries from 1994 to 1995 and the full pages of all papers since 1996. Readers can read the articles online for free.

4. American Medical Association (USA): https://www.ama-assn.org/ama/home.page
This site provides online publications and news of the American Medical Association; abstracts or full text can be read for free.

5. The New England Journal of Medicine (USA): https://www.nejm.org
The magazine is a weekly publication, which reports some important medical research achievements in the world. Thereby the page can be used to look for all the information of archives, as well as the abstracts of current issues.

6. Cell (USA): https://www.cell.com
This is a prestigious medical journal, which often publishes some authoritative articles. The homepage can be used for the retrieval of papers’ authors and subject. For the full text, you need to spend money to register. This site also provides free retrieval opportunity for database, so users can query the current jobs for the field of biology.

7. Neuron (USA): https://www.neuron.org
It is published monthly by the US Cytology Press. This site provides the summary of all articles from 1988 to the present, and users are also free to read the full text of all articles (since 1996 to the present).

8. The Journal of Biological Chemistry (USA): https://www.jbc.org/
It is published by the US Association of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, which usually publishes articles on aspects of communication, carbohydrates, cytology and metabolism, the chemical structure of proteins, nucleic acids series, protein synthesis, peptide synthesis, molecular genetics, etc. Its home page provides free journals, full text for free reading, as well as related summary.

9. Biochemical Journal (UK): https://www.biochemj.org/
It is edited and published by the British Biochemical Society; it’s a magazine about aspects of biochemistry, cell and molecular biology. The total amount of published articles in a year could be about 8,000. Certainly, these scientific papers are of high-quality. Currently, the page provides online articles from 1995 to 1997.

10. Nature Biotechnology (UK): https://www.nature.com/subjects/biotechnology
This magazine on biotechnology is published by the Nature magazine, usually some of the more in-depth technical reports. The site provides the article titles and authors of each issue from 1996 to 1997. Free reading for the summary or the full text of articles could be realized as well.

Journals are generally organized by university research institutions and the most common journals are Nature, Science, PNAS, etc. Practitioners on agriculture research should focus on Plant Cell and other relevant literature. Biotechnology is a broad discipline in which biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components are exploited to develop new technologies, indicating journals of biology will be necessary for further medical research.

In fact, the correct response is not to run but fall down to the ground, while at the same time using your hands to cover your face because it can protect your face and lungs. If your colleagues’ clothes catch fire and they feel startled, you should tell them not to run and help extinguish the fire. Specifically, combustion is a chemical reaction of a substance ( cubicin ) to be oxidized rapidly, which requires three crucial elements: oxygen, fuel and sufficient temperature. Therefore, in order to extinguish the fire, you had better control at least one of the three. You can prevent oxygen from contacting with fire, remove combustion or lower the temperature. Well, how about the combustion process?

Combustion Process: combustible material in different states can have varying combustion process. Based on participant combustible substances, fire can be divided into four different types.

1. A-type fire could be those substances in the form of fuel ash residue, such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and some plastics.
2. B-type fire could be flammable liquids and gases, such as gasoline, kitchen grease, propane, acetylene, copper, etc.
3. C-type fire could be power lines and electricity facilities (motor, computer, control panel). Note that if you cut off the electricity supply facilities, C-type fire can be classified as one of the other three.
4. D-type fire could be unstable metal fire, such as magnesium, sodium, titanium, and some organometallic compounds such as aluminum alkyl and grignard reagent.

Any kind of fire can be included in more than one category. For example, if the fire was caused by paper and grease, it could be A-type and B-type.

In summary, fire precautions should be payed more attention, for the purpose of reducing some unnecessary laboratory incidents. In addition, by doing this a safer lab environment can be realized. Just be more cautious while doing chemical experiments and you will enjoy the great experimental laboratory.