Antigene Agents<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nPNA molecules were first used in antigene and antisense assays. Several in vitro studies demonstrated the ability of PNAs to inhibit both eukaryotic translation and transcription. PNA-mediated inhibition of gene transcription is mainly due to the formation of strand-invaded complexes or strand displacement in DNA targets. PNA targeted against the promoter region of a gene can form stable PNA\u2013DNA complexes that restrict the DNA access of the polymerase, whereas PNA complexes located far from the promoter can block the polymerase progression and lead to the production of truncated RNA transcripts.<\/p>\n
Antisense Agents<\/p>\n
1.Antibacterial agents and Antibiotics<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nOne of the serious problem which is emerging at an alarming rate is the increasing multidrug resistant bacteria. These bacterial pathogens exhibit resistance towards conventional antibiotics due to excessive use of these antibiotics and resistance genes transfer within the bacteria. Researchers desperately require new antibacterial drugs for the treatment of patients infected with drug resistant bacteria. Antisense PNAs as antibacterial agents were found to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.<\/p>\n
2.Antiviral agents<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nPRF-1 signal is responsible for synthesizing RNA replicase polyproteins in virus for genome replication, especially for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. Lee et al. evaluated the potential antiviral effect of APNAs with RNA sequence on the PRF-1 signal as target.<\/p>\n
PNA Probes in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nIn medical and biological research laboratories, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a frequent technique to amplify a DNA target sequence, generating thousands of copies for a variety of biomedical applications. PNA-mediated PCR clamping was also used for the amplification and consequently identification of minor allele in blood chimerism whereas direct sequencing of ordinary PCR product could not identify it.<\/p>\n
Use of PNA probes in Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (PNA-FISH)<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nTechniques like PNA-FISH are used for the specific and selective identification of S. aureus<\/i><\/em>. PNA-FISH methodology was also used for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis which is a common vaginal infection. The method was found to be time saving, highly specific and provided a valuable and trustful diagnostic tool. PNA-FISH was found to be useful for the detection of pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans<\/i><\/em>\u00a0which is responsible for ulcerative mycosis, a skin disease caused by a fungus-like agent of wild and cultured fish. In another study, PNA probe-FISH assay was used for detecting mycobacteria with great specificity and sensitivity which helps in the fast and effective treatment of tuberculosis.<\/p>\nPNA based Biosensors<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nDuring past few decades, biosensor technology has gained considerable attention in playing a significant analytical role in different industrial and academic applications especially in certain areas like medical, environmental, food, quarantine control, safety, security, as well as defense. Singh et al. reviewed the use of PNA based biosensors that provide rapid, selective, sensitive, cost effective, simple, and precise detection of DNA hybridization. These biosensors are quite functional in perceiving targeted genes which are responsible for particular disease.<\/p>\n
PNA\/DNA hybridization with Nanoparticles<\/b><\/strong><\/p>\nColorimetric assay is another important method of DNA detection which is based on the aggregation of unmodified metallic nanoparticles. In this hybridization based method, charged neutral PNA were used as a “coagulant” of citrate anion-coated particles and the assay was validated using gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). It was found that for discriminating single-base-mismatch, the Ag NPs possess greater sensitivity than Au NPs, further improving the accuracy of result with the use of the multiple aggregation signatures from the two types of nanoparticles. SPR imaging enhanced by ultrasensitive nanoparticles also uses PNA probes for detecting single-nucleotide mismatches in DNA sequences with greater selectivity.<\/p>\n
References:<\/h4>\n
Paulasova, P., & Pellestor, F. (2004, October). The peptide nucleic acids (PNAs): a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic analyses. In Annales de genetique (Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 349-358). Elsevier Masson.<\/p>\n
Gupta, A., Mishra, A., & Puri, N. (2017). Peptide nucleic acids: advanced tools for biomedical applications. Journal of biotechnology, 259, 148-159.<\/p>\n
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