Prolactin Releasing Peptides
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Introduction
Prolactin releasing peptides (PrRP) is a common RF peptide extracted from the bovine hypothalamus by reverse pharmacology by Hinumas et al. and contains a common structure of Arg-Phe-NH2 at the C-terminus. PrRP can effectively promote the release of prolactin (PRL) from rat anterior pituitary cells, but has no effect on the release and secretion of other pituitary hormones, and was named prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP). There are two kinds of PrRP, PrRP31 peptide and PrRP20 peptide, which contain 31 and 20 amino acids, respectively, and PrRP of the same genus is derived from the same precursor protein. At the N-terminus of PrRP, there is a site that binds to the receptor, and the c-terminus plays an important role in the binding and activation of the receptor. PrRP is a multifunctional neuroendocrine regulator that participates in many physiological processes such as feeding, sleep, and stress.
Mechanism of action
PrRP is important for hormone regulation in the human body. The binding of PrRP to the hGR3 receptor of ovarian cells increases the release of arachidonic acid, an important signaling molecule that promotes PRL release, thereby promoting the release of PRL. PrRP immunopositive fibers are located in the nucleus of the nucleus, which is a region of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) neurons. PrRP can regulate sex hormone-induced LH peaks by activating GnRH neurons in the medial preoptic area. PrRP neurons have synaptic connections with corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neuroendocrine cells, which regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition, PrRP is involved in the regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides released by pituitary hormones and can promote the secretion of somatostatin through the PrRP receptor, thereby inhibiting the secretion of GH in the anterior pituitary.
Application of Prolactin releasing peptides
PrRP is closely related to various hormones and neuropeptides in the body. It plays a wide-ranging role in regulating the release of prolactin and growth hormone, regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and sleeping and feeding. PrRP can be used in clinical applications such as the treatment of neuroendocrine diseases through receptor agonists and antagonists.
References
- Hinuma, S., Habata, Y., Fujii, R., Kawamata, Y., Hosoya, M., Fukusumi, S., ... & Sekiguchi, M. (1998). A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain. Nature, 393(6682), 272.
- Hizume, T., Watanobe, H., Yoneda, M., Suda, T., & Schi?th, H. B. (2000). Involvement of prolactin-releasing peptide in the preovulatory luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges in the rat. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 279(1), 35-39.
- Iijima, N., Matsumoto, Y., Yano, T., Tanaka, M., Yamamoto, T., Kakihara, K., ... & Hinuma, S. (2001). A novel function of prolactin-releasing peptide in the control of growth hormone via secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus. Endocrinology, 142(7), 3239-3243.
