1. Will concert help the postoperative rehabilitation of patients?
Scientists have found that music can help relieve the pain and fear of patients after surgery. The team led by Catherine Meads has published a paper which pointed out listening to music can reduce the desire for patients to have painkillers for the purpose of increasing their satisfaction. However, it does not contribute to shorter hospital stays.

Scientists have studied the impact of music during the surgery and post-operative process, enabling to find a fact that music also has an impact on coma patients.

2. Will mothers keep the children’s DNA after postpartum period?
The answer is “yes”. This phenomenon exists in many mammals, including human beings. Such phenomenon is called fetal micro-chimerism. During the pregnancy, some cells of fetus are transferred to the body of mothers, or even to survive in the body of mothers, as an organ cell.

3. Can beetle really be immune to the extinction?
Actually it’s not, but beetle does have a special resistance to certain substances. It’s estimated that only 35 completely extinct among the existed 214 beetle families for over 300 million years. In fact, beetle is currently the most common species. The powerful resistance of beetle towards extinction is mainly derived from the flexibility to adapt to changing habitats and capabilities, as well as the ability to change the population that survives in different environments.

4. What’s the validity of military food?
In terms of the species, nutritional value and expiration date and other terms, the US military food can be seen as the reference. US forces are using the separately packaged foods, usually valid for up to five years. The product will be tested in order to confirm whether it can be saved to five years in good condition. It will be possible to make it below 27 degrees Celsius. If the temperature is too high, the shelf life will be greatly shortened. If the temperature reaches 37 degrees, the shelf life only remains nine months.

5. Will the nail grow more slowly in winter?
The answer is “yes”. The average growth rate of toenails and fingernails are monthly 1.5 mm and 3 mm. In the coldest season of the year, the growth rate declined slightly, but the scientific community is not clear about the cause. Maybe it’s because of less sunshine time. Such factor will also affect the blood circulation and hair growth.

In brief, we should admit that technology is very useful and important. Without science and technology, man’s life would not be as convenient as today. Science will continuously benefit people’s daily life!

Generally, most venture capitalists can consider the existing demand for treatment, research and development as well as the feasibility of a variety of factors before they actually make a choice. It’s reported that venture capitals have payed much money in a number of principal human organs. So, which parts of the human body are the most popular for venture capitalists?

Let’s first take a look at the total amount of money that venture capitalists spend on major organs of the body since these years.

Not surprisingly, both the heart and brain are vital for survival, but those organs that could be the positions for a variety of diseases also attract the maximum amount of investment. The immune system, bones, the endocrine glands have followed the rank. Surprisingly, the current investment fever, such as liver disease, does not seem to be the focus of investment.

1. Heart
Heart disease is one of the most common causes of death. And in terms of the entire medical device industry, heart series of instrument has once been the hottest areas. However, in recent years, some venture capitalists have dropped out of the field of medical devices, which leads to the decline of heart investment. In addition, partial venture capitalists who remain in the cardiovascular field also choose to exist the current mechanism.

2. Brain
With the recent advances in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, the treatment of depression and other fields, modern medical research has achieved a breakthrough; venture capital institutions’ interest on brain diseases has increased sharply. They not only invest on drugs and medical devices, they also increase certain startups investment on the development of therapeutic software, computer games and other digital technologies.

3. Immune System
Abnormal immune system can lead to a variety of diseases. In response, many start-up companies are competing to develop innovative therapies, among which the most dazzling is the cancer immunotherapy. In addition, some new treatments are constantly emerging, which can treat autoimmune diseases by regulating inflammation. These factors make the immune system attract investment fever in recent years.

4. Bones and Joints
After the investment boom of plastic surgery products in 2005-2007, venture capitalists’ interest in the field of orthopedics is generally declined.

5. Endocrine Glands
Diabetes is current protagonist in the field of medical care. A lot of investment comes into the field of type II diabetes, which accounts for about 95% of the total cases of diabetes. In addition, some companies are developing cell therapies to treat type I diabetes, which can make patients avoid from the insulin injections. A large number of companies have benefited from the share.

6. Eyes
Glaucoma, macular degeneration and other eye diseases in the years between 2013 and 2014 have absorbed large investment, but this boom has retreated in 2015, returned to the previous level. The details show that venture capitalists have come into a phase of rest to prepare for the next wave action. Another possible reason is that they no longer venture capital needs along with some ophthalmic drug companies successfully listed.

7. Blood
Investment in the field of blood diseases has increased in recent years, which might because venture capital firms have recently turned to the field of rare disease. Some rare diseases are also blood disorders, such as hemophilia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and so on.

8. Lung
Some areas of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, have obtained a more stable cash flow from the venture. What is worth noticing is that the last few strokes of large investment flows to the field of cystic fibrosis, which is a hereditary lung disease.

9. Gut
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis as well as other inflammatory bowel diseases could be a hot spot for investment enteropathy field. Currently, injecting drugs of Johnson/Abbvie might be the main treatment for such diseases. However, some venture capitalists are interested in turning the focus to those small companies that develop oral drugs.

10. Kidney
Venture capitalists are investing in those startups that develop disease treatments upon kidney stones, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury and renal cell cancer and other diseases. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer of the kidney.

11. Skin
Start-up companies in this area mainly focus on diseases ranging from the most deadly cancer to the ailments such as melanoma. In addition, some companies that focus on beauty products also prefer to attract investment.

In fact, creative peptides are also the concern for modern life sciences research. The natriuretic peptides are a family of related hormones that play a crucial role in cardiovascular and renal homeostasis, such as l-methionine sulfone. Briefly, science is continuously attracting attention!

For example, salicylic acid is added to food as the rancidity inhibitor, while certain polymers (e.g., methyl salicylate, etc.) are added to UV inhibitors for preventing deterioration due to absorption of ultraviolet light. Organic phosphorus esters are cholinesterase inhibitors in vivo. Some monomers in the polymer during storage and transport require adding inhibitors to prevent the self-polymerization. Actually, another application for inhibitor is medicine editor. Such substances belong to psychotropic drugs, including alcohol, opium, barbiturates and so on. These substances can inhibit or reduce the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system, and so suppress (mitigation) mental and physical activities.

Clearly, according to different intake of alcohol, the effect is different. Possible reactions could be behavioral slow, noisy and talkative habit, curse, line violence, as well as complete depression. When it comes to a small dose, relaxation and improved speed on response action are enabled. Hourly functions of the human body usually explode about one ounce of alcohol, otherwise it will have a negative effect on the central nervous system that can affect thinking, memory, judgment, and lead to emotional disorders or even movement disorders.

More specifically, opium (opiate) is a general title, indicating the substance extracted from the immature seed pods of the opium poppy package pulp, including codeine and morphine. Such drug is capable of resulting in deep sleep and pain. In addition, it can also inhibit breathing, lower blood pressure, and the like. Taking heroin as an instance, it can get rid of the degenerative symptoms, causing a sudden warm, fatigue and trance. While in terms of barbiturate, at small doses it can reduce anxiety and make people feel calm, reducing muscle tremors; large doses can reduce the sleep time for REM.

Since the enzymatic activity can decrease without causing denaturation of the enzyme protein substances, it’s necessary to know more about inhibitor. Inhibitor and the enzyme active center should complete the multi-essential gene binding, thereby inhibiting the catalytic activity of the enzyme. However, in fact, based on the combination of enzyme inhibitors, more research work should be done, to discover more effective methods in inhibitor application.

Nutritional Effects
Most of the previous baby formulas don’t contain nucleotides and sometimes the formulas could have atopic and allergic reactions; that’s why their ability to fight infection is weak. Breast milk is the best nutrition for infants, because it contains a large amount of nucleotides so that people prefer to manufacture the infant nutrition according to the nutrients in breast milk. Exogenous nucleotides in milk substitutes may be beneficial for newborn infants in particular, enabling to maintain the body’s immune system, promote intestinal maturation, and develop lipid metabolism in the liver. Clearly, necleotides have played an important role.

Immune Ability
Many researchers believe that nucleotides are crucial for maintaining the body’s normal immune function, which could help enhance the baby’s immunity and resistance to infection. US pediatricians Pickering and other colleagues conducted a year-long clinical comparative study on 311 babies. The study showed that fed babies with breast milk ( an equal amount of nucleotides ) could own a higher antibody immune response to e-influenza vaccine. Breastfed babies have a stronger immunity than formula-fed ones ( without adding nucleotides ). In addition, diphtheria antibody concentrations are also significantly higher than the untreated groups, which means adding nucleotides to infant formula can be helpful to enhance H influenza and oral poliovirus (OPV) antibody response.

Liver Function
Resynthesis nucleotides are mainly performed in the liver and they require a lot of energy. The nucleotide pathway is to form a new nucleotide using fragments or exogenous nucleotides, thus requiring less energy. Although the liver has the ability to complete the de novo synthesis of nucleotides, once the body has an immune stress it could result in activation and proliferation of the T lymphocyte. Besides, it will cause a rapid increase in the synthesis of nucleotides, which indicates a fact that material requirements involved in energy metabolism also get increased, so exogenous polynucleotide is quite necessary.

Actually, on the other hand, safety issues for nucleotides’ application could be payed more attention. Taking promoting metabolism as an example, exogenous polynucleotide may be helpful to those newborn’s lipoprotein. Truly, enhancing the physical immunity under proper ways is always the most important.

Commonly, peptides are connected with nutrition, hormones, enzymes inhibition, immune regulation, and anti-oxidation. With the rapid advances in high-level biotechnology, development of peptide drugs has widen to disease prevention and effective treatment, particularly in the following areas.

Antineoplastic Polypeptides
Tumor is caused by a wide range of factors, but ultimately it involves the regulation and expression of oncogenes. Since 2013, scientists have found many tumor-associated genes and regulatory factors that can have an effect on the tumor, screening those peptides connected with the genes and regulatory factors could be necessary, which has now become a new hot spot to find anti-cancer drugs. For example, somatostatin is used to treat digestive endocrine tumors while hexapeptide is helpful for the inhibition of adenocarcinoma in vivo. In addition, Swiss scientists have discovered the octapeptide that can be utilized to induce tumor cells’ apoptosis.

Anti-viral Polypeptides
Virus can absorb the cells by binding to specific receptors on the host cells and then complete the protein processing and nucleic acid replication relying on its own specific protease. Therefore, it’s necessary to screen polypeptides binding to those host cells from a peptide library, or capable of binding to the active site of viral protease polypeptides for anti-viral therapy. Actually, since 2013, scientists from Canada, Italy and other countries have screened mass anti-viral small peptides from a peptide library, some of which can be used in clinical trials.

Cytokine Mimic Peptides
Using a known cytokine receptor to successfully screen the cytokine mimetic peptides from a peptide library has already become the hot research since 2011. Current screening mainly involves body erythropoietin, body thrombopoietin, human growth hormone, nerve growth factor and interleukin-1, etc. The amino acid sequences and corresponding cytokines’ amino acid sequences of these mimetic peptides are actually different, while at the same time with cytokine activity and small relative molecular mass.

Antimicrobial Peptides
The insects will produce large amounts of cationic peptides under external environmental stimuli, but with the antimicrobial activity. In fact, hundreds of antimicrobial peptides have been screened until now. Vivo experiments confirmed that many antimicrobial peptides not only have strong antibacterial function and bactericidal capacity but also own the ability to kill tumor cells.

Peptide Vaccines
Peptide and DNA vaccines have been seen as one of the more valued vaccine studies and many researches and developments are focused on a large number of virus peptide vaccines. Some scientists are trying to develop a multivalent antigen peptide vaccine for malaria; cervical HPV polypeptide vaccine has entered phase II clinical trials.

Additionally, diagnostic polypeptides are also useful for the detection of corresponding pathogen, as an antigen. Clearly, scientific research is endless, meaning more effective medical studies will occur to help with the disease treatment.

It’s common to know a fact that nature is the best gift for people because nature is an endless source of powerful elements, including those chemical substances such as capsid protein. Based on the fact, humans are obsessed with a wide range of exceptional natural ingredients that deliver potent nutrients and glowing, as well as the healthy-looking skin. In fact, skin formula could be crafted to deliver all the nourishment skin needs in a innovative way, and nothing it doesn’t.

Since skincare is so important, mass skincare products could play an important role. As is known, advanced skincare that nourishes the skin with healthy ingredients for visibly radiant results should be payed more attention than before. While on the other hand, skincare products of inferior quality may irritate sensitive skin, because skincare is totally seasonal, just like people’s wardrobe, which requires enough awareness. Healthy skin usually starts with a sign to a regular skin care regimen, utilizing some high-quality products in daily life. However, the skin on the body also needs concerns as well.

In fact, with the rapid development of modern biotech like peptide synthesis, carrying specialized treatments for concerns such as acne, aging and rosacea as well as targeted products for specific areas like the eyes, neck and lips can be enabled too. Certainly, these functions can also be realized under the support of some beauty tools, which can be found among varying skincare products. In recent years, these tools have gained popularity due to their ability to boost the effects of skincare issues, just like cosmeceutical skincare trend.

Taking into account of all the details discussed above, daily skincare has been significant for humans in recent decades, as well as the so-called healthy skincare. Skin could reflect the mood of people, which can be helpful in promoting positive spirit, lifestyle, etc.

1.Chronic inflammation always grows with the age, and more inflammation in human organs could occur such as arthritis. Actually, prevalence is not only in the joints, as well as the brain cells, arteries, heart valves and the like.

2.Many natural and man-made factors can result in genetic mutations. And as we grow older, treated mechanism of cells will become more and more erratic, which might cause gene malignant degeneration deterioration.

3.As a power station for depleted cells, mitochondria need certain chemical substances to ensure the viability of cells and remove the cell toxins. Obviously, if the charge procedure become weakened, then myocardial infarction, muscle tissue recession, chronic fatigue, or neurological diseases could develop.

4.As for hormone imbalance, millions of body cells can synchronize the work accurately under the support of these hormones. With aging process, this balance will become irregular, which could lead to a variety of diseases, including depression, osteoporosis, coronary artery disease.

5.Through special channels in the cell membrane, calcium ions out of the cell can play an important role in aging, because aging process can destroy the channel for calcium ions, leading to brain cells, heart valves, vascular wall in the accumulation of excess calcium.

6.In order to generate the energy for body, human body requires fatty acids. And essential fatty acids could be inadequate after growing older. Therefore, a series of aging signs will occur, such as irregular heartbeat, joint degeneration, fatigue, dry skin, basic fibroblast growth factor, etc.

7.Various enzymatic reactions are often existed in unbalanced intracellular synchronization. Year after year, it gradually loses the necessary balance. Such problem could first place in brain and liver, which is also the cause of a neurological disease or toxic tissue damage.

8.The lack of digestive enzymes could also be the possible reason. With aging, the pancreas gradually get exhausted and are unable to produce enough enzymes, causing chronic digestive insufficiency.

9.After years, capillary permeability starts to get destroyed, including the brain, eyes and skin. Thus, blood circulation failure might result in large and small stroke, vision loss, wrinkles, and so on.

10. As is seen, the oxidative stress has brought a lot of troubles for most people, especially the free radicals on aged people. Such reaction could affect the normal flow of many physiological processes, thereby increasing the burden on the body, causing various diseases.

Generally, population aging is the result of economic and social development, but it is not entirely a sign of progress. The essence of aging problem is the discordance and mismatch between the change of population age structure and economic and social development. Based on the fact, analyzing the basic characteristics of aging problem from process perspective might be helpful in delaying aging problems.

Actually, small peptide has important protein nutrition effect as well. In addition to providing amino acids for the animals, such peptide has a variety of physiological activity. In order to realize the optimum performance, a certain number of small peptides are required for animals. With the in-depth research on proteins and amino acids, more and more people come to realize the importance of peptide nutrition, such as palmitoyl pentapeptide and pure argireline. Certainly, not any kind of small peptides could have the same effects. Furthermore, the best small peptide species for different animals may be limited.

Due to the large number of proteases and peptidases in animals, people used to believe that animal proteins can be absorbed and utilized when they are degraded into free amino acids after the degradation of small peptide. Therefore, in the past decades, scientists usually regarded the amino acids as the main nutrition of medical research, industrial production, career pursuit, as well as the food. In the 1960s, scientists presented the convincing evidence that small peptide can be completely absorbed and utilized. According to this major discovery, people gradually accept the opinion that peptide can be directly absorbed by animals.

A mixture of amino acids and small peptide has a higher absorption rate in human body than simple amino acids. In addition, small peptide can protect the amino acids that are easy to be damaged. A simple amino acid can compose new peptides and proteins based on its own need, while the mixture of small peptide and amino acids can omit part of the regrouping process. Given the fact, small peptide has a higher biological potency.

Studying small peptide’ carrying structure and function is helpful in revealing the role of the relationship between the carrier and small peptide. It has been taken as the core for current transport mechanism. With rapid development of modern peptide technology, small peptide will play an important role in the transmission information of animal body, transport carrier, and the transportation of nutrients. In brief, small peptide will possess a broader prospect in the future.

With the passage of time, the skin will arise various problems such as wrinkles, laxity, pigmentation, dull, and so on. Anti-aging is to help reduce the production of free radicals through supplementing antioxidants, increase skin elasticity and complement the collagen or enzymes at the same time. Anti-aging diet and anti-aging skincare products can effectively delay aging as well. Taking Acetyl hexapeptide-3 (or -8) as an example, the reduction caused by the contraction of facial muscles of the depth of wrinkles, especially around the forehead and eyes, could be improved more effectively. Actually, it’s a particularly good example of anti-aging antioxidant vitamins, which will be helpful in aroma therapy.

To be honest, anti-aging could be very simple, namely according to the anti-aging formula, such as peanut oil, coconut oil, almonds, etc. Peanut oil has been found to contain the anti-aging antioxidant co-enzyme Q10 and is rich in essential fatty acids – the nutrients vital for a healthy, supple skin. While as for the almonds, they are significant for glowing skin. Almond oil is a naturally emollient product and skin softener. It is a great medium to be used on the skin, because it has a very fine texture and natural affinity which makes it could be absorbed by the skin without leaving it feel greasy or clogged. Taking Acetyl Dipeptide-3 Aminohexanoate as the case, it could strengthen the skin’s natural defense mechanism to maintain healthy skin and perfect inner balance, stimulate the skin and the environment to generate the first line of defense to reduce acne caused by external factors such as risk of infection.

In addition, anti-aging formula also helps remove the post-pregnancy wrinkles and stretch marks, revitalize hair growth, as well as cure burns. It helps to restructure the skin and strengthen nails too. Since creative peptides have played an important role in skincare and health, peptides with dieffrent functions should be payed necessary attention. Aging problem is always the core of skincare issues, but what we should do is to improve the problem and solve it, because only in this way can we be younger!

The Breakthrough Award in Life Sciences is used to reward those who focus on promoting breakthrough research in life sciences. The award has inspired mass people and aims to encourage those enthusiastic researchers to pursue science as a life-long career, trying to make great progresses in the fight against cancer, diabetes, Parkinson, neurodegenerative disorders and other diseases research. Details about the five winners are as followed.

1. Edward S. Boyden
He is from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. And he was awarded because of the development and implementation of optogenetics, which is a program of neurons designed to express light-activated ion channels and pumps so that their electrical activity can be controlled by light.
2. Karl Deisseroth
He is from the Stanford University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, And he was awarded for the development and implementation of optogenetics, too. The neural tools can help researchers understand the brain from cognitive and emotional control network, and then repair troublesome brain diseases more systemically.
3. John Hardy
He comes from the Imperial College, London, UK, where he studied dopamine and amino acid neuropharmacology. He was awarded for discovering mutations in the Amyloid Precursor Protein gene that could cause early onset Alzheimer’s disease, linking accumulation of APP-derived beta-amyloid peptide to Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. In addition, he has inspired some new strategies for disease prevention as well.
4.Helen Hobbs
She is from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute and has obtained her undergraduate degree in human biology. She was awarded the prize for the discovery of human genetic variants that alter the levels and distribution of cholesterol and other lipids, which inspires new approaches to the effective prevention of cardiovascular and liver disease. She also provides some new insights in this particular field, which could help reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in the future. Maybe cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases will become a simple preventable, treatable disease.
5. Svante Pääbo
He is from the Max Planck Institute. He was awarded for pioneering the sequencing of ancient DNA and ancient genomes, thereby illuminating the origins of modern humans, the relationships to extinct relatives, and the evolution of human populations and traits. His work suggests that all human ancestors can be traced back to a small group of Africans and later scattered around the world, which might be helpful in studying ancient genome information.

By challenging conventional thinking and expanding knowledge over the long term, scientists can solve the biggest problems of current time. Given the fact, maybe modern biotechnology will change our life to a large degree in the future!