Peptides for Gastrointestinal Studies

The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immune organ in the human body. The gastrointestinal tract refers to the digestive tract from the gastric pylorus to the anus, including the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and other parts. The gut is the longest part of the digestive tract and the most important part of its function. The gastrointestinal tract is not a simple pipeline composed of muscles and mucous membranes, but a whole that functions under the innervation of a complex nervous system. The gastrointestinal tract is the main organ of the digestive system, which absorbs enough water and essential nutrients for the body. The variety and range of gastrointestinal diseases are wide. Gastrointestinal diseases mainly refer to general inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases (acute and chronic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, acute and chronic appendicitis, etc.), peptic ulcer, stomach cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, bacillary dysentery, intestinal obstruction, short bowel syndrome, large intestine polyps, anal fissure, anal fistula, etc.

Summary of peptides for gastrointestinal studies

1. Motilin

Motilin is a 22-amino-acid hormone, released by the enteroendocrine M cells of the duodenum and proximal jejunum.

NameCASSequence
Motilin, canine85490-53-5FVPIFTHSELQKIREKERNKGQ
Motilin (26-47), human, porcine52906-92-0FVPIFTYGELQRMQEKERNKGQ

2. Gastrin

Gastrin is produced by G cells located in the gastric antrum and is the primary endocrine regulator of the secretory phase of a protein meal. The main function of gastrin is to stimulate gastric acid secretion, promote gastrointestinal motility, and participate in the maintenance of iron homeostasis. At the same time, gastrin can also stimulate the secretion of the pancreas, bile, and intestinal juice, and further decompose the food in the small intestine, which is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

NameCASSequence
Gastrin I (human)10047-33-3Pyr–GPWLEEEEEAYGWMDF-NH2
[Leu15]-Gastrin I (human)39024-57-2Pyr-GPWLEEEEEAYGWLDF
Gastrin I (1-14), human100940-57-6Glp-GPWLEEEEEAYGW
CCK-4 Acetate35144-91-3Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2
Pentagastrin5534-95-2Boc-β-Ala-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2
Mini Gastrin I, human54405-27-5LEEEEEAYGWMDF-NH2
Big Gastrin-1, human60675-77-6Pyr-LGPQGPPXLVADPSKKQGPWLEEEEEEAYGWMDF-NH2
Gastrin I rat81123-06-0XRPPMEEEEEAYGWMDF

3. Bombesin

Bombesin (BBS) is a 14-amino-acid peptide first isolated from the skin of the frog, Bombina bombina, in 1970 by Erspamer. It stimulates the release of gastrin and pancreatic enzymes and causes contraction of the gallbladder.

NameCASSequence
Bombesin31362-50-2Glp-QRLGNQWAVGHLM-NH2
Bombesin nonapeptide55750-00-0NQWAVGHLM

4. Tachykinin

The tachykinins are a family of small peptides sharing a common C-terminal sequence, Phe-Xaa-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, whose main members are SP, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B.

NameCASSequence
Eledoisin69-25-0XPSKDAFIGLM
Kassinin63968-82-1DVPKSDQFVGLM
Neurokinin A86933-74-6HKTDSFVGLM
Neurokinin A(4-10)97559-35-8DSFVGLM-NH2
Neurokinin B86933-75-7DMHDFFVGLM-NH2
Substance P (1-7)68060-49-1RPKPQQF

5. Somatostatin

Somatostatin belongs to the expanding family of small regulatory peptides which exert a variety of actions in different organ systems throughout the body.

NameCASSequence
Octreotide83150-76-9FCFWKTCT (Disulfide bridge: Cys2-Cys7)
Octreotide Acetate79517-01-4FCFWKTCT

6. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and related peptides

The vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a member of a family of homologous neuro- and endocrine peptides which has three separate groups distinguished by the receptors which recognize them.

NameCASSequence
Prepro VIP (111-122), human123025-94-5VSSNISEDPVPV
Prepro VIP (81-122), human111366-38-2HADGVFTSDFSKLLGQLSAKKYLESLMGKRVSSNISEDPVPV
VIP(6-28)(human, rat, porcine, bovine)69698-54-0FTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN-NH2
[D-p-Cl-Phe6,Leu17]-VIP102805-45-8HSDAVXXDNYXRLRKQLAVKKYLNSXLN

7. Neurotensin

Neurotensin is a 13–amino acid peptide originally detected in the bovine hypothalamus. Neurotensin can protect the airway from gastric mucosal injury caused by cold stimulation and can inhibit gastric acid secretion.

NameCASSequence
Neurotensin(8-13)60482-95-3RRPYIL
Neurotensin39379-15-2Pyr-LYENKPRRPYIL
[Gln4]-Neurotensin61445-54-3Pyr-LYQNKPRRPYIL
Kinetensin103131-69-7IARRHPYFL
Xenopsin51827-01-1Glp-GKRPWIL

8. Cholecystokinin

Cholecystokinin is secreted by cells of the upper small intestine. Its secretion is stimulated by the introduction of hydrochloric acid, amino acids, or fatty acids into the stomach or duodenum.

NameCASSequence
Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (desulfated)25679-24-7DYMGWMDP
CCK-4 Acetate35144-91-3Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2

9. Secretin

Secretin is a gastrointestinal peptide and a member of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/glucagon superfamily Sherwood et al.

NameCASSequence
Secretin (28-54), human108153-74-8HSDGTFTSELSRLREGARLQRLLQGLV-NH2
Secretin Acetate10813-74-8HSDGTFTSELSRLRDSARLQRLLQGLV-NH2
Secretin (33-59), rat121028-49-7HSDGTFTSELSRLQDSARLQRLLQGLV-NH2
Secretin, canine110786-77-1HSDGTFTSELSRLRESARLQRLLQGLV-NH2
Secretin (5-27), porcine19665-15-7TFTSELSRLRDSARLQRLLQGLV-NH2

10. Pancreatic polypeptide

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a 36–amino acid, 4.2-kDa polypeptide secreted by the islet F cells. PP belongs to the peptide YY/neuropeptide Y family of polypeptides.

NameCASSequence
Pancreatic Polypeptide, bovine179986-89-1APLEPEYPGDNATPEQMAQYAAELRRYINMLTRPRY-NH2
Pancreatic Polypeptide, human75976-10-2APLEPVYPGDNATPEQMAQYAADLRRYINMLTRPRY-NH2
Pancreatic Polypeptide, rat90419-12-8APLEPMYPGDYATHEQRAQYETQLRRYINTLTRPRY-NH2

11. Peptide YY

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino-acid gut hormone released by L cells of the ileum/colon in proportion to ingested calories. PYY is functionally related to NPY and binds to the Y family of receptors, Y1R–Y6R.

NameCASSequence
Peptide YY (3-36)126339-09-1IKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY-NH2
Peptide YY (3-36) Human123583-37-9IKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY
Peptide YY (human)118997-30-1YPIKPEAPGEDASPEELNRYYASLRHYLNLVTRQRY-NH2

12. Neuropeptide Y

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstricting peptide that is released together with NE from sympathetic nerve endings.

NameCASSequence
Neuropeptide Y (human, rat)90880-35-6YPSKPDNPGEDAPAEDMARYYSALRHYINLITRQRY-NH2
Neuropeptide Y (13-36), amide, human122341-40-6PAEDMARYYSALRHYINLITRQRY-NH2
Neuropeptide Y (22-36)119019-65-7SALRHYINLITRQRY-NH2
Neuropeptide Y(29-64)303052-45-1YPSKPDNPGEDAPAEDMARYYSALRHYINLITRQRY
Neuropeptide Y, free acid, human, rat99575-89-0YPSKPDNPGEDAPAEDMARYYSALRHYINLITRQRY

13. Opioid peptide

Opioid peptides are the endogenous ligands at opioid receptors.

NameCASSequence
[D-Ala2]-Leu-Enkephalin-Arg81733-79-1Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg
Dynorphin A(1-13)72957-38-1YGGFLRRIRPKLK
Dynorphin B (1-13)83335-41-5YGGFLRRQFKVVT
Met-Enkephalin58569-55-4YGGFM
N-Acetyl-α-Endorphin88264-63-5Ac-YGGFMTSEKSQTPLVT
β-Endorphin rat77367-63-6YGGFMTSEKSQTPLVTLFKNAIIKNVHKKGQ
β-Casomorphin, human102029-74-3YPFVEPI
β-Casomorphin (1-3), amide80705-23-3YPF-NH2
β-Casomorphin (1-5), amide, bovine83936-23-6Y-d-Ala-FPM-NH2
β-Casomorphin (1-6), bovine77434-43-6YPFPGP
β-Casomorphin (1-7), bovine72122-62-4YPFPGPI
α-Neoendorphin 1-883339-89-3YGGFLRKY
β-Neoendorphin77739-21-0YGGFLRKYP

14. Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide

GIP is a 42-amino-acid peptide hormone encoded by a single gene. GIP mRNA is expressed only in the gut, specifically in the K cells, the majority of which are located in the proximal duodenum.

NameCASSequence
GIP (human)100040-31-1YAEGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ
GIP (1-39)725474-97-5YAEGXFXSDYSXAMDKXRQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKSDWKHN