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MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I is an immunological reagent composed of four monomeric molecules of MHC Class I bound to antigenic peptides and labeled with fluorescence. Based on the role of MHC molecules in antigen recognition during immune responses, this reagent simulates the body's antigen presentation mechanism by forming MHC-antigen peptide complexes. These complexes then specifically bind to T-cell receptors (TCRs), allowing for the labeling of target T cells at the single-cell level.
Application Areas
Detection of Tumor-Specific T Cells: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I directly captures and detects tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, evaluating the strength and specificity of tumor immune responses. It serves as a key biomarker for tumor immunotherapy.
Study of Tumor Immune Evasion Mechanisms: By analyzing changes in MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I expression on tumor cell surfaces, researchers can explore how tumor cells evade immune recognition and attack, providing theoretical insights for developing new tumor immunotherapy strategies.
- Infectious Disease Research
Detection of Virus-Specific T Cells: Used to detect specific T-cell responses following viral infection, aiding in understanding immune response mechanisms, evaluating vaccine efficacy, and screening vaccine candidate antigens.
Study of Viral Immune Evasion Mechanisms: Investigates how viruses escape immune recognition by altering antigenic epitopes or downregulating MHC molecule expression, offering new targets for antiviral therapy.
- Autoimmune Disease Research
Identification of Autoantigen-Specific T Cells: Recognizes and analyzes T cells specific to autoantigens, helping to study the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and providing new methods for early diagnosis and treatment.
Immune Tolerance Research: Explores the use of MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology to induce or enhance immune tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses.
Antigen Epitope Screening: Utilizes high-throughput antigen epitope screening to quickly identify immunogenic epitopes, providing critical antigen information for vaccine design.
Vaccine Efficacy Evaluation: Detects antigen-specific T-cell responses post-vaccination to assess immunogenicity and protective effects, optimizing vaccine formulations and immunization strategies.
Evaluation of CAR-T Cell Therapy: In CAR-T therapy, MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology is used to assess CAR-T cell specificity and function, monitoring T-cell responses during treatment and supporting safety and efficacy evaluation.
T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Engineering Research: Analyzes the binding properties of TCRs with MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I to design and optimize high-affinity, highly specific TCRs, improving the effectiveness of cell therapy.
Technical Advantages
High Sensitivity: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology can detect low-abundance antigen-specific T cells (≤1%) in the blood, enabling accurate detection even when T-cell numbers are low, supporting early disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
High Specificity: By tetramerizing MHC-peptide complexes, the specificity of TCR binding is significantly enhanced, reducing non-specific binding and background interference, ensuring accurate and reliable detection results.
Excellent Stability: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I reagents exhibit high stability, delivering consistent and reproducible results, facilitating data comparison and communication across laboratories and research institutions.
Customization and Versatility: Specific antigenic peptide fragments can be synthesized based on research objectives, allowing for the assembly of various T-cell-selective MHC tetramers. This meets the personalized needs of different research fields, including studies on specific pathogens, tumor antigens, or autoantigens.
Combined Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis: When integrated with flow cytometry, MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology enables both qualitative and quantitative analysis of antigen-specific T-cell populations, determining their phenotypic characteristics and precisely measuring their numbers and proportions. This provides comprehensive data support for dynamic immune response monitoring and efficacy evaluation.
Preparation Process
- Purification and Folding of MHC Class I Molecules
MHC Class I molecules are expressed and purified using genetic engineering techniques, ensuring proper folding and antigen peptide binding ability—one of the key steps in preparing high-quality MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I reagents.
- Synthesis of Antigenic Peptides
Based on research objectives, specific antigenic peptides are synthesized using solid-phase synthesis and other methods, ensuring sequence accuracy, high purity, and strong binding affinity with MHC Class I molecules.
- Formation of MHC-Peptide Complexes
Purified MHC Class I molecules and synthesized antigenic peptides are incubated in vitro. Optimizing incubation conditions (such as temperature, pH, and ion concentration) facilitates the correct folding and stable formation of MHC-peptide complexes.
The formed MHC-peptide complexes are combined with biotinylated streptavidin to assemble tetramers, which are then labeled with fluorescence (e.g., fluorescent streptavidin or other fluorescent markers), enabling their detection.
Latest Research Developments
Integration with Mass Cytometry: Recent advancements have combined MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology with mass cytometry (CyTOF), enabling simultaneous detection of multiple surface markers and intracellular signaling molecules. This facilitates a comprehensive analysis of antigen-specific T-cell phenotypes, functional states, and signaling pathways, offering new insights into immune response mechanisms.
Optimized Antigen Epitope Screening Methods: By leveraging high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, researchers can rapidly and efficiently identify immunogenic antigen epitopes, expanding the pool of candidate antigens for vaccine design and immunotherapy.
Development of Novel MHC Tetramers: New MHC tetramers are being developed, including nanomaterial-based MHC tetramers and those with enhanced stability and fluorescence intensity. These innovations further expand applications in immunology research, improving detection sensitivity and accuracy.
Application of MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I in CAR-T Cell Therapy Evaluation
Specific Recognition and Evaluation: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I can assess the antigen recognition ability of CAR-T cells. By binding to specific MHC-peptide complexes, it verifies whether CAR-T cells accurately recognize target antigens, ensuring therapeutic safety and efficacy.
Optimization of CAR-T Cell Design: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology allows researchers to optimize CAR-T cell design. For example, the TRACeR-I platform can adjust binding affinity and specificity to enhance CAR-T cell antitumor efficacy while reducing off-target effects.
In Vitro Validation: In vitro studies using MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I in combination with the TRACeR-I platform validate the antitumor activity of CAR-T cells. Research indicates that TRACeR-I can selectively eliminate tumor cells expressing target antigens while demonstrating good compatibility across multiple HLA types.
Immunogenicity Assessment: MHC-Peptides Tetramer Class I technology also plays a role in evaluating the immunogenicity of CAR-T cells. By analyzing the immune response in animal models, researchers can ensure its safety in clinical applications.
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