Peptide Sulfation
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Peptide Sulfation is a common post-translational modification of tyrosine residues in eukaryotes that is known to have a widespread occurrence among proteins of multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Studies on tyrosine-sulfated proteins have shown a major role in enhancing protein-protein interactions, and it is found to be implicated in multiple biological processes. Due to sulfation plays a role in strengthening protein-protein interactions, so types of human proteins known to undergo tyrosine sulfation include G-protein-coupled receptors, adhesion molecules, serine protease inhibitors, coagulation factors, hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. Meanwhile, tyrosine O-sulfate is a stable molecule and is excreted in urine in animals. In addition, studies have shown that it may be observed that tyrosine sulfation has effects on the growth of the mice, such as fecundity, body weight and postnatal viability by knock-out of TPST (tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase) genes in mice.
Fig.1 The tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase reaction (Moore K. L. 2003)
Application of Peptide Sulfation
- Sulfopeptides as models for chemokine receptor N-terminal regions
It is well known that in their N-terminal regions, many receptors of chemokine contain sulfated tyrosine. Meanwhile, these residues can affect the interactions of chemokines with their receptors. Due to highly flexible chemokine receptors, this type of sulfur peptide may be a reasonable mimic of the N-terminal region of chemokine receptors.
- Tyrosine sulfation can modulate the chemokine selectivity of receptor peptides
A complex network was formed by chemokines and their receptors in which most receptors can respond to most chemokines and several cognate chemokines, and then can activate more than one receptor. Differently sulfated states of a receptor peptide can have distinct selectivity profiles among cognate chemokines. However, tyrosine sulfation is one possible mechanism that could regulate the responses of receptors among possible ligands.
- Receptor tyrosine sulfation enhances chemokine affinity in a site-specific manner
Due to inhibition of sulfation or mutation of receptor tyrosine residues may be causes a reduction in chemokine binding affinity, so it is normal that sulfated peptides derived from chemokine receptors bind to the cognate chemokines of those receptors with higher affinity than their non-sulfated analogues. The sulfopeptides homogeneity has made it possible to determine the specific affinity enhancements resulting from each individual tyrosine residue sulfated. A key finding is that chemokine binding affinity can have a markedly different with sulfation of the same receptor peptide at different positions.
Our Services
Creative Peptides has developed a reliable procedure for the synthesis of sulfated peptides, we can provide global customers with sulfated peptides based on our excellent technology. Creative Peptides has extensively developed sulfated peptides structures and is the company of choice to manufacture your sulfated peptides requirements, providing a confidential and efficient service at competitive prices. Our experienced scientists will tailor the most appropriate methods and 100% guaranteed service for customers. Every step of peptide synthesis is subject to Creative Peptides’ stringent quality control. Typical delivery specifications include:
- HPLC chromatogram
- Mass spec analysis
- Synthesis report
- Certificate of Analyses
References
- Moore K L. (2003). "The biology and enzymology of protein tyrosine o-sulfation". J Biol Chem, 278(27): 24243-24246.
- Stone, M. J., & Payne, R. J. (2015). Homogeneous sulfopeptides and sulfoproteins: synthetic approaches and applications to characterize the effects of tyrosine sulfation on biochemical function. Accounts of chemical research, 48(8), 2251-2261.
- Ludeman, J. P., & Stone, M. J. (2014). The structural role of receptor tyrosine sulfation in chemokine recognition. British journal of pharmacology, 171(5), 1167-1179.
