Adrenomedullin Peptides

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Introduction

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an active peptide found in the extract of pheochromocytoma by Kitamuta in 1993. Studies have shown that ADM has many physiological effects such as dilating blood vessels, lowering blood pressure and diuresis. In addition, during embryogenesis, ADM is involved in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and regulates certain hormone release. The human ADM gene is located on chromosome 11 and contains 4 exons and 3 introns. It consists of 52 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of ADM is highly conserved, and ADM is considered to be a member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family because its structure has certain homology with calcitonin, CGRP and amylin-like peptide.

Mechanism of action

It is currently found that cytokines is the major factor that related to the production and release of ADM. For example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1a (IL-1a) can stimulate endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to increase the synthesis of ADM, reaching several times in physiological state. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and angiotensin II (AngII) also promote the biosynthesis of cardiomyocytes and VSMC. Many tissues in the body such as adrenal medulla, heart, lung, kidney, vascular smooth muscle and central nervous system can produce ADM. It is believed that ADM in plasma is mainly derived from vascular endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. There are two forms of adrenomedullin in plasma, one is mature and active; the other has glycine at the end and is inactive. The latter can be converted into the former by the action of an amidating enzyme.

Application of Adrenomedulin Peptides

Adrenomedullin is a vasoactive substance with a variety of biological effects. It acts as a cardiovascular protective peptide in autocrine, paracrine or endocrine manners to prevent hypertension, coronary heart disease, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac insufficiency and other cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between ADM and various inflammatory factors and growth factors in cardiovascular diseases to develop new drugs. In short, ADM is a new endogenous cardiovascular active substance, and the rational use of its extensive biological effects will play an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

References

1. Nishida K , Watanabe K , Echigo S , et al. Increased plasma adrenomedullin levels in Kawasaki disease with coronary artery involvement[J]. American Journal of Medicine, 2001, 111(2).
2. Li W , Tang C , Jin H , et al. Effects of onion extract on endogenous vascular H2S and adrenomedulin in rat atherosclerosis.[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2011, 12(9).