Anti-Inflammatory Peptides
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Introduction
There are many members in the family of anti-inflammatory peptides, such as interleukein-4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-13, IL-35, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) , TGF-p1. Anti-inflammatory peptides are a class of small intracellular peptides (5-140 kD) that are first synthesized into precursors, which are then cleaved by proteases to form active small peptides. These small peptides are non-structural proteins that are involved in inflammation and immune response.
Mechanism of action
IL-4 is a typical anti-inflammatory peptide that is released by activated T cells, mast cells and granulocytes. Mature IL-4 has 129 amino acid residues, contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds, and localizes to chromosome 5. The greatest feature of IL-4 is the ability to promote the conversion of T cells into anti-inflammatory Th2 cells. Signal transduction of IL-4 is mediated by the activated IL-4 receptor, which activates the JAK/STAT intracellular signaling pathway when IL-4 binds to its receptor. In addition, IL-4 can also reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory factors. Similar to IL-4, IL-10 also inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory factors and influences the balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors by reducing the activity of NF-κB.
Application of Anti-Inflammatory Peptides
Anti-Inflammatory peptides play an essential role in various infectious diseases, such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, bronchial asthma, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and acute pancreatitis. It is reported that IL -4 is generally elevated in patients with acute infection, and there is still an increasing trend with the remission of the disease. Some studies have shown that IL-4 can block the production of cytokines by monocytes, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF, IL-1, etc. IL-10 and TGF- β is also able to significantly inhibit the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. In conclusion, Anti-Inflammatory peptides exert anti-inflammatory and protective effects on the body in most infectious diseases, providing an attractive way for the cure of diseases.
References
- Elenkov I J, Chrousos G P. Stress hormones, proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2010, 966(1).
- Standiford J, Theodore. Anti-inflammatory Cytokines and Cytokine Antagonists[J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2000, 6(6).
