SIVmac239 Fragments
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There are many kinds of simian immunodeficiency virus. Their genome sequences are much more diverse than the genomes of the hosts that carry them. Lentiviruses have now been isolated from many different non-human primate species, all of which are naturally distributed on the African continent. New world primates and Asian primates have not yet been found to be naturally infected with lentiviruses. Since only a few virus isolates and sequences have been obtained per non-human primate, lentivirus species are currently stored in HIV databases in the subtype area. In general, each ape species known to carry the immunodeficiency virus has its own subtype virus, an exception to the general rule considered to be wild and captive cross-species transmission events. As a result of extensive research on wild rhesus monkeys, it has been found that the SIV of wild rhesus monkeys is negative, so the SIV isolated from soot macaques and rhesus monkeys has derived from the coal smoke mangabe virus. This is because people have carried out extensive research on wild rhesus monkeys and found that wild rhesus monkeys are SIV negative. The monkeys, mainly in primate centers in the United States, were exposed to gray jaguars in captivity, infecting macaques.
Research on SIVmac239
SIVmac239 was originally isolated from a rhesus monkey (mm-239-82) and inoculated with acellular plasma from infected rhesus monkeys. The virus is transmitted from rhesus monkey MM-251-79 for the second time in a row. Infected HUT-78 cells were inoculated with MM-239-82 cell-free serum. The total DNA of HUT78-SIVmac239 cells digested by EcoRI was inserted into the EcoRI site of λ EMBL4 (Stratagene) to construct the library, and the full-length molecular clone was obtained by pK2-BAMA screening. The model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is of great significance to the analysis of the pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the immune effect of new candidate vaccines. The infectivity and pathogenicity of CCR5 tropical SIVmac and tropical SHIV89.6P to cynomolgus monkeys from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines were analyzed. The plasma viral load of rhesus monkeys infected with SIVmac239 and SHIV89.6P remained at a high level. The level of CD4+T cells in rhesus monkeys infected with SIVmac239 decreased gradually. The number of CD4+T cells in all rhesus monkeys infected with SHIV89.6P decreased significantly within 6 weeks after infection. Of the 11 rhesus monkeys infected with SIVmac239, 8 died of AIDS symptoms 2 or 4.5 years later, while 4 of the 5 rhesus monkeys infected with SHIV89.6P died of AIDS symptoms 1 or 3.5 years later. In addition, the scientists analyzed repeated low, medium, and high doses of SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SHIV89.6P in the rectum to infect cynomolgus monkeys. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SHIV89.6P were more than 5000, 300 and 500TCID50, respectively.
Application of SIVmac
SIVmac239 is a commonly used virus in non-human primate models of HIV transmission and pathogenesis. Previous studies have found four suboptimal nucleotides in the SIVmac239 genome, suggesting that these four nucleotides inhibit the replication ability of SIVmac239. In addition, some researches showed that cynomolgus monkeys from Asia were easily infected with SIVmac and SIV virus through vein and mucosa. These models provide useful models for the pathogenesis, immunization, and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS.
References
- Di Mascio, M., Srinivasula, S., Kim, I., Duralde, G., Claire, A. S., DeGrange, P., ... & Reba, R. C. (2018). Total body CD4+ T cell dynamics in treated and untreated SIV infection revealed by in vivo imaging. JCI insight, 3(13).
- Shin, Y. C., Bischof, G. F., Lauer, W. A., Gonzalez-Nieto, L., Rakasz, E. G., Hendricks, G. M., ... & Desrosiers, R. C. (2018). A recombinant herpesviral vector containing a near-full-length SIVmac239 genome produces SIV particles and elicits immune responses to all nine SIV gene products. PLoS pathogens, 14(6), e1007143.
