Darifenacin hydrobromide is used to treat people who have urinary problems such as urinary incontinence, urinary urgency or urinary frequency which are caused by an overactive bladder. It works by preventing spasms of the bladder muscle. This can help to reduce the episodes of urinary incontinence, the frequency of urination or reduce the feeling of urgency that bladder spasms can cause.
CAT No: 10-101-114
CAS No:133099-04-4 (net), 133099-07-7 (hydrobromide)
Synonyms/Alias:2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-Dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide hydrobromide
Chemical Name:2-[(3S)-1-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide;hydrobromide
Darifenacin Hydrobromide is a synthetic muscarinic receptor antagonist widely recognized for its selective affinity towards the M3 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Due to its structural specificity and receptor selectivity, Darifenacin Hydrobromide has become a valuable compound in pharmacological research and biochemical studies. This molecule exhibits unique binding characteristics that distinguish it from other antimuscarinic agents, making it an essential tool for scientists investigating the intricate pathways of cholinergic neurotransmission. Its chemical stability and solubility further enhance its utility in diverse experimental setups, ranging from in vitro cellular assays to more complex ex vivo tissue studies. Researchers appreciate its consistent performance in modulating muscarinic signaling, which enables detailed exploration of receptor function, downstream signaling cascades, and related physiological responses.
Receptor Pharmacology Studies: Darifenacin Hydrobromide is extensively utilized in receptor pharmacology to dissect the functional roles of muscarinic receptor subtypes, particularly M3 receptors. By selectively blocking M3-mediated responses, scientists can delineate the contributions of this receptor subtype in smooth muscle contractility, glandular secretion, and neuronal signaling. Experimental protocols often employ the compound in tissue bath assays, radioligand binding studies, and signal transduction experiments to characterize receptor-ligand interactions and quantify antagonist potency. These investigations are fundamental to understanding the pharmacodynamics of muscarinic antagonists and to developing new therapeutic agents targeting specific muscarinic pathways.
Neurobiology Research: In neurobiology, Darifenacin Hydrobromide serves as a critical tool for probing cholinergic signaling in both central and peripheral nervous system models. Its ability to selectively inhibit M3 receptors allows researchers to investigate the physiological and behavioral consequences of cholinergic modulation, such as synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release, and neural circuit function. Studies often employ the compound to isolate M3-dependent mechanisms from other cholinergic effects, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of neural regulation and communication. This targeted approach is essential for mapping neural pathways and for identifying potential targets for neurological disorder research.
Smooth Muscle Physiology: The compound plays a significant role in smooth muscle physiology studies, where it is used to elucidate the mechanisms underlying muscle contraction and relaxation. By antagonizing M3 receptors, researchers can observe changes in smooth muscle tone, particularly in tissues such as the bladder, gastrointestinal tract, and airways. These experiments provide insights into the cellular and molecular processes governing smooth muscle responsiveness, enabling the identification of novel modulators of contractility. Such studies are instrumental in advancing knowledge of motility disorders and in guiding the development of new pharmacological interventions.
Glandular Secretion Analysis: Darifenacin Hydrobromide is also employed in research focused on glandular secretion, especially in tissues where muscarinic receptors regulate exocrine and endocrine functions. Its selective action on M3 receptors permits the dissection of cholinergic influences on salivary, sweat, and other glandular outputs. Researchers utilize the compound in both isolated gland preparations and cellular models to assess the impact of muscarinic blockade on secretion dynamics, signal transduction pathways, and secretory granule mobilization. These studies contribute to a comprehensive understanding of glandular physiology and the molecular underpinnings of secretion-related disorders.
Signal Transduction Pathway Mapping: In the context of cellular signaling, Darifenacin Hydrobromide aids in mapping muscarinic receptor-mediated pathways and identifying downstream effectors. By inhibiting M3 receptor activation, the compound allows for the selective analysis of signaling events such as intracellular calcium mobilization, phospholipase C activation, and protein kinase cascades. This targeted approach facilitates the differentiation of M3-dependent processes from those mediated by other receptor subtypes, providing a clearer picture of cellular response mechanisms. Researchers rely on these findings to inform the design of novel compounds with improved specificity and efficacy for modulating muscarinic signaling.
Behavioral Pharmacology Models: Finally, Darifenacin Hydrobromide proves useful in behavioral pharmacology, where it is used to investigate the role of muscarinic receptors in cognitive and physiological processes. By selectively antagonizing M3 receptors, scientists can assess the impact of cholinergic modulation on learning, memory, and motor function in preclinical models. These studies are vital for elucidating the behavioral consequences of receptor-specific interventions and for advancing the field of neuropsychopharmacology. The compound's unique profile ensures that researchers can draw meaningful conclusions about the interplay between receptor activity and behavioral outcomes, supporting the development of targeted strategies for cognitive and neurobehavioral research.
Darifenacin hydrobromide is a selective muscarinic M(3) receptor antagonist that is indicated for use in treatment of overactive bladder disorder. Darifenacin was found to have a short terminal elimination half-life after intravenous and immediate-release oral dosage forms (3-4 hours) but this increased with a prolonged-release (PR) formulation (14-16 hours). The absolute bioavailability of darifenacin from 7.5 and 15 mg PR tablets was estimated to be 15.4% and 18.6%, respectively. With repeated once-daily oral administration of the PR formulation, peak plasma concentrations of darifenacin are achieved approximately 7 hours post-dose. After oral administration, darifenacin is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and very little unchanged drug (<2%) is recovered in the faeces. Steady state is achieved after 6 days of once-daily administration of the PR formulation. As expected, values of peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve are dose dependent, although the increase in plasma concentrations is proportionally greater than the increase in dose owing to saturation of presystemic metabolism. From intravenous administration, it has been established that darifenacin possesses a moderate-to-high hepatic extraction ratio, with high plasma clearance (36-52 L/h) and a volume of distribution (165-276L) that exceeds total body water.
Skerjanec, A. (2006). The clinical pharmacokinetics of darifenacin. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 45(4), 325-350.
The present study describes the identification and characterization of two process impurities and major stress degradants in darifenacin hydrobromide using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Forced degradation studies confirmed that the drug substance was stable under acidic, alkaline, aqueous hydrolysis, thermal and photolytic conditions and susceptible only to oxidative degradation. Impurities were identified using liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS(n)). Proposed structures were unambiguously confirmed by synthesis followed by characterization using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and elemental analysis (EA). Based on the spectroscopic, spectrometric and elemental analysis data, the unknown impurities were characterized as 2-{1-[2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2,2-diphenylacetamide (Imp-A), 2-[1-(2-benzofuran-5-yl-ethyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide (Imp-B), 2-{1-[2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-1-oxy-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2,2-diphenylacetamide (Imp-C) and 2-{1-[2-(7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)-ethyl]-pyrrolidin-3-yl}-2,2-diphenylacetamide (Imp-D). Plausible mechanisms for the formation and control of these impurities have also been proposed. The method was validated as per regulatory guidelines to demonstrate specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and the stability-indicating nature. Regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient value greater than 0.99 for darifenacin hydrobromide and its impurities. The accuracy of the method was established based on the recovery obtained between 86.6 and 106.7% for all impurities.
Thomas, S., Paul, S. K., Shandilya, S., Agarwal, A., Saxena, N., Awasthi, A. K., ... & Mathela, C. S. (2012). Identification and structural elucidation of two process impurities and stress degradants in darifenacin hydrobromide active pharmaceutical ingredient by LC-ESI/MS n. Analyst, 137(15), 3571-3582.
If you have any peptide synthesis requirement in mind, please do not hesitate to contact us at . We will endeavor to provide highly satisfying products and services.
Creative Peptides is a trusted CDMO partner specializing in high-quality peptide synthesis, conjugation, and manufacturing under strict cGMP compliance. With advanced technology platforms and a team of experienced scientists, we deliver tailored peptide solutions to support drug discovery, clinical development, and cosmetic innovation worldwide.
From custom peptide synthesis to complex peptide-drug conjugates, we provide flexible, end-to-end services designed to accelerate timelines and ensure regulatory excellence. Our commitment to quality, reliability, and innovation has made us a preferred partner across the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and personal care industries.
Read More