Peptide YY (PYY) is a gut hormone which is primarily released from endocrine cells of the distal digestive tract in proportion to both the calorie content of a meal and its energy source composition.
CAT No: 10-101-97
CAS No:118997-30-1 (net)
Synonyms/Alias:PYY; Peptide YY; C16118
Peptide YY (human) Acetate is a synthetic form of the human gastrointestinal peptide, classified as a 36-amino acid regulatory peptide hormone. It belongs to the pancreatic polypeptide family and is primarily secreted by L-cells in the distal gut in response to food intake. As a potent endogenous regulator of appetite and digestive function, Peptide YY plays a pivotal role in modulating gastrointestinal motility, nutrient absorption, and energy homeostasis. Its biochemical significance and well-characterized receptor interactions have made it an essential tool for researchers investigating neuroendocrine signaling, gut-brain axis communication, and metabolic regulation.
Appetite Regulation Studies: Peptide YY is widely employed in laboratory research focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying satiety and appetite control. By acting as an agonist at Y2 receptors in the hypothalamus and other regions of the central nervous system, it enables the detailed investigation of signaling pathways that mediate food intake suppression. Experimental models utilizing this peptide have provided critical insights into the feedback systems governing hunger and energy balance, making it invaluable for studies seeking to unravel the neurobiological basis of eating behavior.
Gastrointestinal Motility Research: In vitro and in vivo studies often utilize Peptide YY to examine its inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal motility and secretion. Through its action on enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells, the peptide serves as a model compound for dissecting the physiological processes that regulate gastric emptying, intestinal transit, and colonic function. Its application in these settings is crucial for advancing the understanding of gut motility disorders and the intricate hormonal control of digestive processes.
Metabolic Pathway Analysis: The compound is instrumental in research exploring the integration of metabolic signals between the gut and peripheral tissues. By modulating insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism, Peptide YY provides a platform for characterizing the cross-talk between endocrine and metabolic pathways. Researchers use it to probe the effects of gut-derived hormones on systemic energy utilization, thereby contributing to the broader field of metabolic disease research and the identification of regulatory checkpoints within metabolic networks.
Receptor Pharmacology and Signal Transduction: Peptide YY serves as a reference ligand in receptor binding assays and signal transduction studies to characterize the pharmacological properties of Y-family receptors, particularly Y1 and Y2 subtypes. Its use facilitates the screening and validation of novel receptor modulators, antagonists, or agonists, supporting drug discovery efforts and the development of new molecular probes. Detailed analysis of ligand-receptor interactions enabled by this peptide advances the understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in neuroendocrine systems.
Peptide Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Studies: The well-defined sequence and functional domains of Peptide YY make it a preferred substrate for structure-activity relationship investigations. Researchers employ analogs and site-directed mutants of the peptide to map critical residues involved in receptor binding and biological activity. These studies not only elucidate the structural determinants of peptide-receptor specificity but also inform the rational design of novel peptide-based molecules with tailored pharmacological profiles. Such SAR analyses are foundational for advancing peptide engineering and therapeutic lead development in the field of regulatory peptide biology.
The gut-brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as cytokines, gut hormones and gut microbiota-derived signalling molecules) transmit information from the gut to the brain, while autonomic neurons and neuroendocrine factors carry outputs from the brain to the gut. The members of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of biologically active peptides, NPY, peptide YY (PYY) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP), are expressed by cell systems at distinct levels of the gut-brain axis. PYY and PP are exclusively expressed by endocrine cells of the digestive system, whereas NPY is found at all levels of the gut-brain and brain-gut axis.
Holzer, P., Reichmann, F., & Farzi, A. (2012). Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide in the gut–brain axis. Neuropeptides, 46(6), 261-274.
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