The undecapeptide substance P has a number of peripheral actions which include contraction of smooth muscle, reduction of blood pressure and stimulation of secretory tissues. Substance P also occurs in neurones in the central nervous system. It is of particular interest as a possible neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, released by primary sensory neurones.
CAT No: 10-101-52
CAS No:33507-63-0 (net)
Synonyms/Alias:Euler-Gaddum Substance P; Hypothalamic Substance P; SP(1-11); SP1-11; SP 1-11; SP
Substance P Acetate is a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, characterized by its pivotal role in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and inflammatory signaling within both central and peripheral nervous systems. As an undecapeptide, it is widely recognized for its ability to bind the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor, mediating a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes such as pain perception, neurogenic inflammation, and stress responses. The biochemical properties and receptor specificity of Substance P Acetate make it an essential tool for researchers investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying neuropeptide signaling, as well as the broader functions of tachykinins in mammalian systems.
Neuroscience research: Substance P Acetate is frequently employed in neurobiological studies aimed at elucidating the molecular pathways of pain transmission and sensory neuron function. By selectively activating NK1 receptors, it enables precise characterization of neuropeptide-mediated synaptic signaling, modulation of nociceptive circuits, and the identification of downstream effectors involved in central and peripheral sensitization. Its use in electrophysiological assays and receptor binding studies provides critical insights into the roles of tachykinins in neural communication and plasticity.
Inflammation modeling: In the context of immunology and inflammation research, Substance P Acetate serves as a valuable agent for inducing and studying neurogenic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Its capacity to stimulate cytokine release, promote vasodilation, and recruit immune cells allows investigators to dissect the crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems. Applications include the evaluation of inflammatory responses in cultured cells, tissue explants, and animal models, supporting the development of strategies to modulate neuroimmune interactions.
Cell signaling studies: The peptide's well-characterized receptor interactions make it a preferred ligand for dissecting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. By serving as a specific agonist for NK1 receptors, it facilitates the analysis of intracellular signaling cascades such as phospholipase C activation, calcium mobilization, and MAP kinase pathway engagement. This enables detailed mapping of downstream molecular events and supports the screening of novel receptor modulators or antagonists in pharmacological research.
Pharmacological profiling: Substance P Acetate is extensively utilized in drug discovery and pharmacology laboratories for the functional assessment of NK1 receptor antagonists and related compounds. By providing a robust and reproducible means of receptor activation, it allows for the quantitative evaluation of antagonist potency, efficacy, and selectivity. Such studies are instrumental in the early-phase characterization of candidate molecules targeting neuropeptide signaling pathways.
Peptide structure-function analysis: The defined sequence and biological activity of Substance P Acetate render it a model system for investigating peptide-receptor interactions and structure-activity relationships. Researchers employ it in mutagenesis studies, peptide analog synthesis, and biophysical assays to explore the determinants of receptor specificity, binding affinity, and conformational dynamics. These insights contribute to the rational design of novel bioactive peptides and the advancement of peptide-based research tools.
The tachykinin, substance P (SP), affects eosinophil function by direct and indirect mechanisms and has been shown to cause equine eosinophils to adhere to vascular endothelium and to release cytokines that increase cell adherence. The aim of this study was to determine whether SP could act directly on equine eosinophils in vitro. Eosinophil activation was also compared in cells from normal ponies and those with insect hypersensitivity as SP may be released in the skin of hypersensitive animals. SP caused equine eosinophils to adhere, migrate and produce superoxide, although high concentrations were required to produce these effects [10 +/- 2% adherence, 45 +/- 20 cells/0.3 mm2 and 48 +/- 7 nmol (of reduced cytochrome C)/106 cells, respectively, at 3 x 10-4 m]. That the 7-11, but not the 1-7, amino acid fragment of SP caused superoxide production, suggested the effects of SP were receptor mediated. Eosinophils from hypersensitive ponies produced more superoxide in response to SP, but not phorbol myristate acetate or histamine, over the concentration range tested when compared with cells from normal ponies. The data obtained in this study suggest that although SP can directly activate equine eosinophils, in view of the high concentrations required, such actions may be of less relevance physiologically than other SP-mediated effects.
Foster, A. P., & Cunningham, F. M. (2003). Substance P induces activation, adherence and migration of equine eosinophils. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 26(2), 131-138.
We found that substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (0.3-1 microM) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the basal secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) from cultured lymphocyte-enriched mononuclear cells isolated from human peripheral blood. SP and CGRP (0.1 microM) synergistically increased basal TNF alpha secretion. Dynorphin A((1-17)) (0.1-1 microM) did not modify basal cytokine secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml)-induced cytokine secretion and [(3)H]thymidine uptake were not altered by any neuropeptide (at 0.1 microM). Thus, SP and CGRP stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from lymphocytes only at high concentrations, similar to those reached during tissue damage.
Cuesta, M. C., Quintero, L., Pons, H., & Suarez-Roca, H. (2002). Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide increase IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neurochemistry international, 40(4), 301-306.
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