The undecapeptide substance P has a number of peripheral actions which include contraction of smooth muscle, reduction of blood pressure and stimulation of secretory tissues. Substance P also occurs in neurones in the central nervous system. It is of particular interest as a possible neurotransmitter or neuromodulator, released by primary sensory neurones.
CAT No: 10-101-52
CAS No:33507-63-0 (net)
Synonyms/Alias:Euler-Gaddum Substance P; Hypothalamic Substance P; SP(1-11); SP1-11; SP 1-11; SP
Substance P Acetate is a neuropeptide belonging to the tachykinin family, widely recognized for its role in neurotransmission and neurogenic inflammation. This compound is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring Substance P, which consists of an undecapeptide chain and is predominantly found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Its unique structure and bioactive properties make it invaluable for a broad range of scientific investigations, particularly in studies focusing on pain perception, inflammation, and cell signaling. As a highly stable and soluble acetate salt, Substance P Acetate is favored in laboratory settings for its ease of handling and compatibility with various assay systems. Researchers utilize it to unravel the complexities of neuropeptide signaling pathways, understand receptor-ligand interactions, and explore the physiological and pathological roles of neuropeptides in mammals.
Neuroscience Research: In neuroscience research, Substance P Acetate serves as a critical tool for elucidating the mechanisms underlying pain transmission and modulation. By applying this peptide to neuronal cultures or animal models, scientists can investigate how it interacts with neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors, thereby influencing synaptic activity and neurotransmitter release. Its ability to mimic endogenous Substance P allows researchers to study the molecular basis of nociception, central sensitization, and neural plasticity, advancing our understanding of chronic pain conditions and neurodegenerative disorders.
Inflammatory Response Studies: The acetate form of Substance P is extensively employed to probe the pathways of neurogenic inflammation. Researchers leverage its pro-inflammatory properties to model inflammatory processes both in vitro and in vivo, examining its effects on immune cell recruitment, cytokine production, and vascular permeability. By introducing this peptide to cell cultures or tissue samples, investigators can dissect the signaling cascades that mediate inflammation, providing insights into the pathophysiology of asthma, arthritis, and other inflammatory diseases.
Cellular Signaling Pathways: Substance P Acetate is instrumental in dissecting cellular signaling pathways, particularly those involving G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Its interaction with NK1 and related receptors triggers downstream signaling events such as phospholipase C activation, calcium mobilization, and MAP kinase pathway modulation. Scientists use it to delineate the molecular mechanisms that govern cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, contributing to a deeper understanding of cellular communication and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
Pharmacological Screening: In pharmacological research, Substance P Acetate is a preferred ligand for receptor binding and functional assays. It is utilized to screen and characterize novel antagonists or agonists targeting neurokinin receptors, facilitating drug discovery efforts aimed at modulating pain, mood disorders, and emesis. By employing this peptide in competitive binding studies and signal transduction assays, researchers can evaluate the efficacy and specificity of candidate compounds, accelerating the identification of promising pharmacological agents.
Dermatological Investigations: Beyond neuroscience and immunology, Substance P Acetate finds applications in dermatological research, where it is used to explore its role in cutaneous nerve function and skin inflammation. Studies involving this peptide help elucidate the mechanisms by which neuropeptides influence skin barrier integrity, itch sensation, and the development of inflammatory skin conditions. Its application to skin models or keratinocyte cultures enables the investigation of neuroimmune interactions and the identification of new targets for managing dermatological disorders.
In summary, Substance P Acetate is a versatile and robust research tool that underpins significant advancements across multiple scientific domains. Its utility in neuroscience, inflammation, cellular signaling, pharmacology, and dermatology highlights its broad research value and the depth of mechanistic insights it offers. By enabling precise modulation and observation of neuropeptide-mediated processes, Substance P Acetate continues to be a cornerstone compound for experimental studies seeking to unravel the complexities of nervous system function, immune response, and cellular communication.
The tachykinin, substance P (SP), affects eosinophil function by direct and indirect mechanisms and has been shown to cause equine eosinophils to adhere to vascular endothelium and to release cytokines that increase cell adherence. The aim of this study was to determine whether SP could act directly on equine eosinophils in vitro. Eosinophil activation was also compared in cells from normal ponies and those with insect hypersensitivity as SP may be released in the skin of hypersensitive animals. SP caused equine eosinophils to adhere, migrate and produce superoxide, although high concentrations were required to produce these effects [10 +/- 2% adherence, 45 +/- 20 cells/0.3 mm2 and 48 +/- 7 nmol (of reduced cytochrome C)/106 cells, respectively, at 3 x 10-4 m]. That the 7-11, but not the 1-7, amino acid fragment of SP caused superoxide production, suggested the effects of SP were receptor mediated. Eosinophils from hypersensitive ponies produced more superoxide in response to SP, but not phorbol myristate acetate or histamine, over the concentration range tested when compared with cells from normal ponies. The data obtained in this study suggest that although SP can directly activate equine eosinophils, in view of the high concentrations required, such actions may be of less relevance physiologically than other SP-mediated effects.
Foster, A. P., & Cunningham, F. M. (2003). Substance P induces activation, adherence and migration of equine eosinophils. Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, 26(2), 131-138.
We found that substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (0.3-1 microM) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the basal secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) from cultured lymphocyte-enriched mononuclear cells isolated from human peripheral blood. SP and CGRP (0.1 microM) synergistically increased basal TNF alpha secretion. Dynorphin A((1-17)) (0.1-1 microM) did not modify basal cytokine secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml)-induced cytokine secretion and [(3)H]thymidine uptake were not altered by any neuropeptide (at 0.1 microM). Thus, SP and CGRP stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from lymphocytes only at high concentrations, similar to those reached during tissue damage.
Cuesta, M. C., Quintero, L., Pons, H., & Suarez-Roca, H. (2002). Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide increase IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Neurochemistry international, 40(4), 301-306.
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