γ-Glu-Glu is a dipeptide, made of two amino acids: gamma-glutamate (γ-Glu) and glutamate (Glu).
CAT No: 10-101-297
CAS No:1116-22-9
Synonyms/Alias:1116-22-9;H-Gamma-Glu-Glu-OH;gamma-Glutamylglutamate;gamma-GLU-GLU;gamma-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid;G-Glu-Glu;H-Glu(Glu-OH)-OH;(S)-2-((S)-4-Amino-4-carboxybutanamido)pentanedioic acid;gamma-glutamylglutamic acid;N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-glutamic acid;(5-L-Glutamyl)-L-glutamate;L-|A-Glutamyl-L-glutamic acid;(2S)-2-[[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid;6018KCN7X2;gamma-l-glutamyl-l-glutamate;MFCD00002630;(2~{S})-2-[[(4~{S})-4-azanyl-5-oxidanyl-5-oxidanylidene-pentanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid;LysW-glutamate;LysW-L-glutamate;EINECS 214-233-2;gamma-L-Glu-L-Glu;Gamma Glutamylglutamic acid;5-GLUTAMYL GLUTAMATE;L--Glutamyl-L-glutamic acid;SCHEMBL236257;UNII-6018KCN7X2;CHEBI:73705;DTXSID20912237;gamma-L-Glutamyl L-Glutamic Acid;.gamma.-L-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid;.GAMMA.-GLUTAMYLGLUTAMIC ACID;LysW-gamma-(L-glutamyl)-L-glutamate;AKOS016014286;AS-76975;DA-74124;FG108030;L-Glutamic acid, N-L-.gamma.-glutamyl-;HY-118090;L-.GAMMA.-GLUTAMYL-L-GLUTAMIC ACID;CS-0065178;L-GLUTAMIC ACID, L-.GAMMA.-GLUTAMYL-;C05282;C20948;G77234;N-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutanoyl)glutamic acid #;GLUTAMIC ACID, N-L-.GAMMA.-GLUTAMYL-, L-;Q27143983;N-(4-Amino-4-carboxy-1-hydroxybutylidene)glutamic acid;(2S)-2-[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanamido]pentanedioic acid;KSN;
Chemical Name:(2S)-2-[[(4S)-4-amino-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
γ-Glu-Glu, also known as gamma-glutamylglutamate, is a dipeptide consisting of two glutamic acid residues linked via a gamma-peptide bond. As a naturally occurring compound within the gamma-glutamyl cycle, it plays a notable role in glutathione metabolism and amino acid transport in biological systems. Its unique structural features and biochemical relevance make it a valuable tool for researchers investigating peptide transport, enzymatic processing, and metabolic pathways involving glutamyl-linked compounds. The compound's involvement in redox biology and nitrogen metabolism further underscores its importance in both fundamental research and specialized biochemical assays.
Peptide metabolism research: γ-Glu-Glu is widely utilized in studies focused on the gamma-glutamyl cycle, which is central to glutathione turnover and detoxification processes in cells. By serving as a model substrate for gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and related enzymes, the dipeptide enables detailed investigation of enzymatic kinetics, substrate specificity, and the regulation of glutamyl peptide processing. Such research is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular antioxidant defenses and amino acid recycling.
Amino acid transport studies: The compound is instrumental in exploring the mechanisms of amino acid transport across cellular membranes, particularly via the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase pathway. Researchers employ γ-Glu-Glu to trace the uptake and translocation of glutamyl-linked amino acids, providing insight into nutrient absorption, intercellular communication, and the modulation of amino acid pools in various tissue types. These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of metabolic regulation and cellular homeostasis.
Enzyme substrate characterization: As a defined dipeptide with a gamma linkage, γ-Glu-Glu is frequently used as a reference substrate to characterize the activity and specificity of peptidases, transpeptidases, and other enzymes acting on gamma-glutamyl bonds. By monitoring the hydrolysis or transfer reactions involving this dipeptide, scientists can assess enzyme function, screen for inhibitors, and develop assays that support drug discovery or mechanistic enzymology research.
Analytical method development: The unique structural properties of γ-Glu-Glu make it a useful standard in the development and validation of chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods for peptide analysis. Its defined composition and reactivity allow for calibration of analytical instruments, optimization of separation protocols, and assessment of detection sensitivity in complex biological samples. Such applications are essential for reliable quantification and identification of gamma-glutamyl peptides in research and quality control settings.
Model compound for glutathione pathway exploration: γ-Glu-Glu serves as a simplified model to investigate the biochemical dynamics of the glutathione pathway, including precursor utilization, conjugation reactions, and breakdown processes. Its use in in vitro and cell-based assays facilitates the dissection of pathway intermediates and flux, supporting studies on oxidative stress responses, detoxification mechanisms, and metabolic adaptations under varying physiological conditions. By providing a tractable system for probing the intricacies of glutathione metabolism, the compound aids in advancing both basic science and applied biochemical research.
4. Autoinhibition and phosphorylation-induced activation of phospholipase C-γ isozymes
5. The spatiotemporal control of signalling and trafficking of the GLP-1R
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