Insulin glulisine is an Insulin Analog. The chemical classification of insulin glulisine is Insulin.
CAT No: 10-101-332
CAS No:207748-29-6
Synonyms/Alias:B3-lysyl-B29-glutamylinsulin
Chemical Name:(4S)-4-[[2-[[(1R,6R,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42R,47R,50S,53S,56S,59S,62S,65S,68S,71S,74R,77S,80S,83S,88R)-88-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-47-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]carbamoyl]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-83-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1-oxobutan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
Insulin glulisine is a rapid-acting insulin analog designed to mimic the body's natural insulin response with enhanced pharmacokinetic properties. Developed through recombinant DNA technology, this synthetic peptide exhibits a swift onset and short duration of action, making it particularly valuable in research settings that require precise temporal control of glucose modulation. The molecular modifications in insulin glulisine, specifically the substitution of certain amino acids, result in reduced self-association and increased solubility, allowing for more predictable absorption profiles. Its stability in solution and compatibility with various assay systems further enhance its versatility for scientific investigations into glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling pathways.
Diabetes research models: Insulin glulisine serves as a crucial tool in the study of diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions. By simulating endogenous insulin spikes, it enables researchers to investigate the acute effects of insulin on glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production, and metabolic flux in both in vitro and in vivo models. The rapid action profile of this analog is particularly advantageous for dissecting the timing and magnitude of insulin-mediated responses, facilitating the development and validation of new antidiabetic compounds, and enhancing the understanding of insulin resistance mechanisms at the cellular and systemic levels.
Cellular signaling studies: In the context of cellular and molecular biology research, glulisine is employed to probe the intricacies of insulin receptor activation and downstream signaling cascades. Its consistent and rapid bioactivity supports experiments aimed at elucidating the kinetics of receptor phosphorylation, PI3K/Akt pathway activation, and GLUT4 translocation. Scientists leverage these properties to delineate the insulin signaling network in various cell types, including adipocytes, myocytes, and hepatocytes, thereby advancing knowledge of metabolic regulation and its dysregulation in metabolic disorders.
Glucose clamp techniques: The use of this analog is instrumental in glucose clamp experiments, a gold standard method for quantifying insulin sensitivity and secretion. Its rapid onset and short duration enable precise titration of insulin levels, allowing researchers to maintain steady-state glycemia and accurately assess the impact of interventions on glucose turnover. These studies are foundational for metabolic research, supporting the characterization of insulin action in animal models and isolated tissue preparations, and providing essential data for the preclinical evaluation of novel metabolic modulators.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiling: Scientists utilize glulisine in the assessment of novel drug candidates or dietary interventions that may influence insulin dynamics. Its well-characterized absorption and action profiles make it an ideal reference compound for comparing the efficacy and onset of other insulin analogs or glucose-lowering agents. By integrating it into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, researchers can generate robust data on drug interactions, absorption rates, and metabolic outcomes, thereby informing the rational design of future therapeutic strategies.
Biomarker discovery and metabolic research: Insulin glulisine is also utilized in advanced metabolic research, including the identification of novel biomarkers for insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Its predictable activity facilitates controlled experiments aimed at correlating insulin action with changes in circulating metabolites, gene expression patterns, and protein phosphorylation states. These applications are pivotal for expanding the understanding of metabolic disease progression, identifying early indicators of insulin resistance, and supporting the development of personalized nutrition and intervention strategies. Overall, the versatility and rapid action of insulin glulisine make it an indispensable reagent for a wide range of scientific applications focused on metabolic regulation and glucose homeostasis.
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