Angiotensin II Acetate is a potent research peptide regulating blood pressure and vascular tone. Purchase this synthetic peptide to support cardiovascular and renal studies.
CAT No: 10-101-03
CAS No:4474-91-3 (net)
Synonyms/Alias:68521-88-0;Angiotensin II acetate;Angiotensin II human acetate;Human angiotensin II acetate salt;ASP-ARG-VAL-TYR-ILE-HIS-PRO-PHE ACETATE SALT;Angiotensin II human (acetate);32044-01-2;Angiotensin II acetate salt;Angiotensin II acetate (USAN);Angiotensin II acetate [USAN];Angiotensin II acetate human;UNII-31L3HS630A;(Ile5)-Angiotensin II acetate;Giapreza (TN);Angiotensin ii triacetate;Angiotensin II monoacetate;Angiotensin II, 5-L-isoleucine-, acetate (salt);Angiotensin II, 5-L-isoleucine-, monoacetate (salt);SCHEMBL1585377;CHEMBL3989932;31L3HS630A;Angiotensin II (human) (acetate);DTXSID501027705;Angiotensin II, human acetate salt;H-Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH; H-DRVYIHPF-OH;HY-13948A;MFCD00133092;AKOS040759453;CCG-270639;DA-70863;FA108510;MS-31969;CS-0102935;D11142;G12348;Q27256060;Angiotensin II acetate;Ang II acetate;DRVYIHPF acetate;(3S)-3-amino-3-{[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1S)-1-{[(1S,2S)-1-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-{[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]carbamoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl]carbamoyl}butyl]carbamoyl}propanoic acid; acetic acid;
Chemical Name:acetic acid;(3S)-3-amino-4-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid
Angiotensin II Acetate is a synthetic octapeptide derived from the naturally occurring hormone angiotensin II, which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis in mammalian systems. As a highly bioactive peptide, Angiotensin II Acetate is widely utilized in biochemical and physiological research for its ability to interact with specific angiotensin receptors, triggering a cascade of signaling pathways. The acetate form offers improved stability and solubility, making it an ideal choice for in vitro and in vivo experimental protocols. Its robust activity and well-characterized mechanisms have made it a fundamental tool for scientists investigating cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine systems, as well as for those exploring the broader implications of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in health and disease.
Cardiovascular Research: Angiotensin II Acetate is extensively used in cardiovascular research to study mechanisms underlying vasoconstriction, hypertension, and vascular remodeling. By binding to AT1 and AT2 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, it induces potent vasoconstrictive effects, enabling researchers to model hypertensive conditions and evaluate the impact of novel therapeutic agents targeting the RAS. Experimental models employing this peptide facilitate a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular events leading to pathological changes in blood vessels and cardiac tissue, supporting the development of new strategies for managing cardiovascular disorders.
Renal Physiology Studies: In nephrology research, Angiotensin II Acetate serves as a vital reagent for investigating renal hemodynamics, sodium reabsorption, and glomerular filtration rate regulation. Its interaction with renal angiotensin receptors modulates the constriction of efferent arterioles, thereby influencing intraglomerular pressure and kidney function. Scientists utilize this peptide to dissect the signaling pathways involved in fluid and electrolyte balance, providing insights into the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and the physiological responses to altered RAS activity.
Signal Transduction Analysis: As a well-characterized agonist of angiotensin receptors, this peptide is an indispensable tool for elucidating intracellular signaling cascades. It activates G protein-coupled receptor pathways, leading to the stimulation of phospholipase C, increased intracellular calcium levels, and activation of protein kinase C. These downstream events are critical for understanding cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in various tissues. Researchers employ Angiotensin II Acetate to probe the cross-talk between RAS signaling and other cellular networks, advancing knowledge in cell biology and pharmacology.
Endocrine System Exploration: Angiotensin II Acetate enables the exploration of endocrine regulatory mechanisms, particularly those involving aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone secretion. By stimulating adrenal and pituitary cells, it helps delineate the feedback loops governing hormone release and systemic homeostasis. Studies using this peptide contribute to a clearer picture of how the RAS integrates with other hormonal axes, shedding light on the multifaceted regulation of blood pressure, fluid volume, and electrolyte balance.
Neuroscience Investigations: Research into the central nervous system also benefits from the use of Angiotensin II Acetate, as the RAS is present in the brain and influences neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. Investigators utilize it to examine its effects on neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and the modulation of thirst and salt appetite. These studies are crucial for unraveling the connections between peripheral and central RAS activity, with implications for understanding stress responses, fluid intake behavior, and neurogenic hypertension.
Metabolic Regulation Research: Scientists are increasingly recognizing the role of angiotensin peptides in metabolic homeostasis. Angiotensin II Acetate is employed to study its impact on insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and lipid metabolism in various tissues. By modulating key pathways in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle, it provides a platform for investigating the interplay between the RAS and metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. The insights gained from these studies are instrumental in identifying new molecular targets and therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome and related conditions.
Numerous clinical and laboratory data are now available supporting the hypothesis that the renin-angiotensin system is mechanistically relevant in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The traditional role of the renin-angiotensin system in the context of blood pressure regulation has been modified to incorporate the concept that angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent proinflammatory agent. In vascular cells, Ang II is a potent stimulus for the generation of reactive oxygen species. As a result, Ang II upregulates the expression of many redox-sensitive cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Extensive data now confirm that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system inhibits atherosclerosis in animal models as well as in humans. These studies provide mechanistic insights into the precise role of Ang II in atherosclerosis and suggest that pharmacologic interventions involving the renin-angiotensin system may be of fundamental importance in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis.
Weiss D, Sorescu D, Taylor W R. Angiotensin II and atherosclerosis[J]. The American journal of cardiology, 2001, 87(8): 25-32.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a potent effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that exerts a wide variety of physiological actions on the cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and central and peripheral nervous systems. Angiotensin exerts its actions by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane of various tissues. Structure-activity relationship studies and competition-binding experiments have identified a potency series of angiotensin analogues. Such studies have demonstrated that target organs display different preferences for Ang II and homologues such as Ang III and des-[Phe8] angiotensin II. Similarly, agents that normally are considered to be pure receptor antagonists for a given response (tissue) are full agonists in other tissues. Indirect evidence obtained from the above studies have led to the speculation that there are multiple angiotensin receptor subtypes among various tissues as well as within single cell types. Multiple mechanisms of signal transduction have been demonstrated for angiotensin. For example, depending on the effector organ, angiotensin stimulates phosphoinositide turnover and release of internal calcium, modulates voltage-dependent calcium channels, directly activates calcium channels, and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity. Recently, the identification of selective, high-affinity peptide and nonpeptide antagonists has resulted in further characterization of angiotensin receptors into distinct subtypes. In addition, dithiothreitol, an agent that reduces disulfide bridges, has been a useful tool in the characterization of angiotensin receptors as the subtypes apparently are not affected equally by this agent. However, further work needs to be performed to characterize angiotensin receptors with respect to heterogeneity, structure, transducing mechanisms, and physiological function.
Peach M J, Dostal D E. The angiotensin II receptor and the actions of angiotensin II[J]. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1990, 16: S25&hyhen.
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