Exendin-3 is a biologically active peptides isolated from venoms of the Gila monster lizards, Heloderma horridurn .
CAT No: R1347
CAS No:130357-25-4
Synonyms/Alias:130357-25-4;G12544;Exendin-3 H-His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gln-Met-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Val-Arg-Leu-Phe-Ile-Glu-Trp-Leu-Lys-Asn-Gly-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-NH2;
Exendin-3 is a synthetic peptide closely related to exendin-4, both of which are members of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist family. Structurally, exendin-3 is a 39-amino acid peptide originally derived from the venom of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). Its unique sequence and functional similarity to endogenous incretin hormones have made it a valuable tool in biochemical and pharmacological research, particularly in studies focused on metabolic regulation and peptide-receptor interactions. The peptide's stability and high affinity for GLP-1 receptors enable precise investigations into receptor signaling, ligand binding, and downstream biological effects, making it a significant asset for researchers in endocrinology and metabolic science.
Receptor Binding Studies: Exendin-3 serves as an important ligand for GLP-1 receptor binding assays, enabling researchers to characterize receptor-ligand interactions with high specificity. Its structural similarity to exendin-4 and GLP-1 allows for comparative analysis of binding affinities, receptor activation profiles, and conformational changes upon peptide engagement. These studies are critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying GLP-1 receptor function and for screening the effects of structural modifications or mutations within the peptide or receptor.
Signal Transduction Research: The peptide is widely utilized to investigate intracellular signaling pathways activated by GLP-1 receptor engagement. By stimulating cells expressing the GLP-1 receptor, exendin-3 facilitates detailed analyses of cAMP accumulation, protein kinase A activation, and downstream transcriptional events. Such research provides valuable insights into the modulation of metabolic pathways, insulin secretion, and gene expression changes in response to peptide agonists, supporting the development of novel metabolic modulators and enhancing understanding of peptide hormone signaling.
Peptide Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis: Exendin-3 is frequently employed in structure-activity relationship studies to dissect the contributions of individual amino acid residues to receptor binding and biological activity. Researchers use the peptide as a template for systematic substitution, truncation, or modification, enabling the identification of key functional motifs and determinants of receptor selectivity. These SAR investigations inform rational peptide design for improved stability, specificity, or altered pharmacological profiles, advancing the field of peptide-based therapeutics and research reagents.
Metabolic and Endocrine Research Models: In experimental models of metabolic regulation, exendin-3 is applied to probe the physiological roles of GLP-1 signaling in glucose homeostasis, appetite control, and pancreatic beta-cell function. Its use in ex vivo pancreatic islet assays, perfused organ systems, and cell-based metabolic studies allows for the controlled exploration of peptide-induced effects on insulin secretion and glucose uptake. Such applications are instrumental in delineating the complex interplay between peptide hormones and metabolic processes.
Analytical Reference Standard: As a well-characterized synthetic peptide, exendin-3 functions as a reference standard in analytical method development and peptide quantification. It is used to calibrate chromatographic and mass spectrometric assays for the detection, identification, and purity assessment of GLP-1 analogs and related peptides. The availability of a reliable reference material ensures the accuracy and reproducibility of analytical workflows in peptide research, supporting quality control and method validation efforts within biochemical laboratories.
1. Adipose tissue is a key organ for the beneficial effects of GLP-2 metabolic function
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