Insulin Glargine is a recombinant human insulin analog with long-acting, blood glucose-lowering activity. Insulin glargine, like regular types of human insulin, regulates glucose metabolism by binding to insulin receptors on muscle and fat cells, thereby facilitating the cellular uptake of glucose. This lowers blood glucose levels. At the same time, insulin glargine inhibits the liver's conversion of stored glycogen into glucose, which also contributes to lower blood glucose levels. Insulin glargine also inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue, inhibits proteolysis, and enhances protein synthesis.
CAT No: 10-101-331
CAS No:160337-95-1
Synonyms/Alias:L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-asparagyl-L-glutaminyl-L-histidyl-L-leucyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl-L-seryl-L-histidyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-valyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-arginyl-glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosyl-L-threonyl-L-prolyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-L-arginyl-L-arginine (7->7'),(19->20')-bis(disulfide) compound with glycyl-L-isoleucyl-L-valyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-glutaminyl-L-cysteinyl-L-cysteinyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-isoleucyl-L-cysteinyl-L-seryl-L-leucyl-L-tyrosyl-L-glutaminyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-glutamyl-L-asparagyl-L-tyrosyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (6'->11')-disulfide
Chemical Name:(4S)-4-[[2-[[(1R,6R,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42R,47R,50S,53S,56S,59S,62S,65S,68S,71S,74R,77S,80S,83S,88R)-88-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-47-(carboxymethylcarbamoyl)-83-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[(1S)-4-carbamimidamido-1-carboxybutyl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
Insulin glargine is a long-acting recombinant human insulin analog designed to provide a stable and prolonged glucose-lowering effect. Engineered by modifying the amino acid sequence of human insulin, this compound forms microprecipitates at physiological pH, allowing for a slow and consistent release of insulin into the bloodstream. Its unique pharmacokinetic profile makes it an essential tool in research settings where sustained insulin activity is required. The molecular stability and solubility of insulin glargine under acidic conditions contribute to its reliability in experimental protocols, enabling precise control over glucose metabolism studies. Researchers value its predictable action and minimal peak effect, which facilitate the investigation of basal insulin mechanisms and the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies targeting glucose homeostasis.
Diabetes Research Models: In the field of diabetes research, insulin glargine is widely utilized to simulate basal insulin replacement in both in vivo and in vitro models. By administering this analog, investigators can mimic physiological insulin levels in animal studies or cell-based systems, enabling the study of glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic regulation under controlled conditions. Its extended duration of action supports long-term experiments and reduces the frequency of dosing interventions, minimizing variability and stress-related confounders in animal models. This consistent background insulinization is invaluable for dissecting the impact of other variables, such as diet, genetic modifications, or pharmacological agents, on glycemic control.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies: Glargine serves as a reference compound in comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations of insulin analogs and delivery systems. Its well-characterized absorption profile and prolonged activity allow researchers to benchmark the performance of novel formulations, biosimilars, or drug delivery devices. By evaluating parameters such as onset, peak, and duration of action, scientists can assess the relative efficacy and safety of new insulin products or administration methods. These studies are crucial for advancing the development of improved insulin therapies and optimizing dosing regimens for experimental purposes.
Cell Signaling and Molecular Pathways: The use of insulin glargine in cellular assays provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of insulin receptor activation and downstream signaling pathways. Researchers employ it to stimulate insulin-responsive cell lines, such as adipocytes or hepatocytes, and to monitor the effects on glucose transporter translocation, gene expression, and metabolic enzyme regulation. Its sustained action allows for the observation of both acute and chronic responses, shedding light on the dynamics of insulin signaling and resistance. Such studies contribute to the understanding of metabolic disorders and the identification of potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Biomarker Discovery and Metabolomics: In metabolomics and biomarker discovery projects, glargine is often used to induce controlled shifts in glucose and lipid metabolism. By establishing a stable glycemic environment, researchers can differentiate between baseline metabolic profiles and those altered by experimental treatments or disease states. This approach aids in the identification of biomarkers associated with insulin sensitivity, resistance, or metabolic syndrome, supporting the development of diagnostic tools and personalized medicine strategies. The reproducibility afforded by glargine's pharmacological properties enhances the reliability of omics-based analyses.
Combination Therapy Evaluation: Insulin glargine is instrumental in preclinical studies assessing the efficacy and interactions of combination therapies targeting metabolic diseases. By providing a steady basal insulin background, it enables the evaluation of adjunctive agents, such as incretin mimetics, SGLT2 inhibitors, or lipid-lowering drugs, in various experimental models. Researchers can investigate additive or synergistic effects on glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory markers, advancing the understanding of multi-drug regimens and their potential benefits in complex metabolic conditions. The versatility and consistency of this insulin analog make it a preferred choice for multifaceted research applications in the metabolic sciences.
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