PEN (Human) is a neuropeptide fragment containing hydrophobic, aromatic, and basic residues that promote adaptable conformations in solution. Residue distribution supports helix-coil equilibria and receptor-binding investigations. Researchers use it to probe neuroendocrine signaling motifs and protein-peptide interfaces. Applications include structure-function studies, receptor mapping, and peptide-analog design.
CAT No: R2389
CAS No:597578-70-6
Synonyms/Alias:PEN (human);597578-70-6;L-Valine,L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-a-aspartyl-L-histidyl-L-a-aspartyl-L-valylglycyl-L-seryl-L-a-glutamyl-L-leucyl-L-prolyl-L-prolyl-L-a-glutamylglycyl-L-valyl-L-leucylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-;XYA57870;AKOS032962864;DA-56679;PD080174;
PEN (human), also known as proenkephalin-derived peptide, is a bioactive peptide fragment originating from the human proenkephalin precursor protein. As part of the enkephalin family, it plays a significant role in neuropeptide research, particularly in the context of opioid signaling pathways and neuroendocrine regulation. Its structural and functional relevance has made it a valuable tool for probing peptide-receptor interactions, mapping neurotransmitter systems, and elucidating the molecular underpinnings of neurobiological processes. Researchers utilize PEN (human) to investigate the intricate mechanisms underlying neuronal communication and to advance our understanding of peptide-mediated cellular responses.
Neuroscience research: PEN (human) is widely employed in studies focused on opioid receptor biology and neuropeptide signaling. By serving as a model ligand for delta and mu opioid receptors, it enables researchers to dissect the molecular mechanisms of pain modulation, synaptic transmission, and neurochemical communication. Its use in receptor binding assays and signal transduction studies facilitates the identification of downstream effectors and the characterization of receptor-ligand specificity, thereby contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of endogenous opioid systems in the central nervous system.
Peptide-receptor interaction studies: In the context of receptor pharmacology, PEN (human) provides a valuable experimental tool for mapping binding sites and affinity profiles of opioid receptors. Its defined sequence and biological activity support competitive binding assays, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses, and the development of receptor subtype-selective probes. Such applications are crucial for elucidating the structural determinants of peptide-receptor recognition, informing the rational design of new peptide analogs, and advancing knowledge of ligand-receptor dynamics.
Neuroendocrine system investigations: The peptide is instrumental in exploring the regulatory networks that govern neuroendocrine function. By modulating hormone release and influencing stress-related signaling pathways, PEN (human) helps delineate the role of proenkephalin-derived peptides in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation and neuroendocrine feedback loops. Experimental applications include in vitro and ex vivo studies on pituitary cells, hypothalamic slices, and neuroendocrine tissue preparations, providing insights into peptide-mediated hormonal control mechanisms.
Analytical method development: PEN (human) serves as a standard or reference compound in the development and validation of analytical techniques for neuropeptide quantification. Its well-characterized structure and physicochemical properties make it suitable for use in mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and immunoassay optimization. These analytical applications are essential for monitoring endogenous peptide levels, assessing peptide stability, and supporting biomarker discovery efforts in neurochemical research.
Peptide synthesis and modification research: The compound is also utilized as a template in synthetic peptide chemistry, facilitating the exploration of sequence modifications, post-translational processing, and peptide engineering. By enabling the generation of labeled, truncated, or structurally modified analogs, PEN (human) supports studies on peptide folding, stability, and bioactivity. Such research is foundational for the development of new peptide-based tools and the advancement of peptide therapeutics discovery pipelines within the research-use context.
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