TIP 39, Tuberoinfundibular Neuropeptide is a neuropeptide and parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R) agonist. TIP 39 is highly conserved among species. TIP39 from all species activates adenylyl cyclase and elevates intracellular calcium levels through parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R).
TIP 39, Tuberoinfundibular Neuropeptide, is a biologically active peptide belonging to the class of neuropeptides involved in central nervous system signaling. Structurally, TIP 39 is a 39-amino acid peptide that acts as a natural ligand for the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2R), mediating diverse neuromodulatory functions. Its distribution in the brain, particularly within the hypothalamus and related neuroendocrine regions, underscores its importance in neuroendocrine regulation, pain modulation, and behavioral processes. As a research peptide, TIP 39 provides a valuable tool for investigating peptide-receptor interactions, neuropeptide signaling pathways, and the physiological roles of the PTH2R system.
Neuroendocrine research: TIP 39 is widely employed in studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation. By serving as a selective agonist for PTH2R, it enables researchers to probe the downstream effects of receptor activation in hypothalamic nuclei and related neuroendocrine structures. Experimental use of this peptide supports investigations into hormone secretion, stress response modulation, and the integration of peripheral and central signaling processes, offering insights into the complex interplay between neuropeptides and endocrine function.
Receptor pharmacology: The peptide is a critical reagent for characterizing the pharmacological properties of the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor. Through binding assays, functional studies, and receptor activation experiments, TIP 39 facilitates the dissection of PTH2R ligand specificity, signal transduction pathways, and receptor desensitization or internalization mechanisms. Its application in receptor pharmacology contributes to a deeper understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biology and the unique features of the PTH2R system.
Neuroscience and behavioral studies: TIP 39 is instrumental in exploring the role of neuropeptides in modulating behavior, nociception, and affective states. Administration of the peptide in animal models enables the analysis of its effects on pain perception, anxiety-like behaviors, and social interaction, providing a molecular handle to dissect the neurobiological substrates of these complex phenomena. Its selective action on PTH2R-expressing neuronal circuits aids in mapping the functional connectivity and physiological outcomes of neuropeptidergic signaling.
Peptide structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis: The defined amino acid sequence and receptor selectivity of TIP 39 make it an ideal template for SAR studies. Researchers utilize synthetic analogs and modified versions to identify critical residues for receptor binding and activation, advancing the understanding of peptide-receptor interactions at the molecular level. These studies inform rational peptide design, the development of receptor-selective ligands, and the generation of molecular probes for neuropeptide research.
Analytical method development: TIP 39 serves as a standard or reference compound in the development and validation of analytical techniques for neuropeptide quantification. Its use in mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and immunoassay protocols enables precise detection and measurement of neuropeptides in biological samples. This application supports the advancement of neurochemical analysis methods necessary for studying peptide distribution, metabolism, and physiological dynamics in various research contexts.
2. The spatiotemporal control of signalling and trafficking of the GLP-1R
3. High fat diet and GLP-1 drugs induce pancreatic injury in mice
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