Calcitonin is a 32-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH2 cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 1 and 7. It has a role as a metabolite and a bone density conservation agent. It is a heterodetic cyclic peptide, a polypeptide and a peptide hormone.
CAT No: R1946
CAS No:9007-12-9
Synonyms/Alias:Fortical;Calcitonin;Salmon calcitonin acetate;Thyrocalcitonin;Cibacalcin;Calcimar;Calcitonina;Calcitonine;Calcitoninum;Calcitrin;Salmon calcitonin;Forcaltonin;CALCITONIN, SALMON;9007-12-9;Calcitar;Miacalcin (TN);Calcimar (TN);Fortical (TN);DF35I47HCM;135506-95-5;Calcitonin (source);Thyrocalcitonin (source);Calcitonine [INN-French];Calcitoninum [INN-Latin];UNII-DF35I47HCM;Calcitonina [INN-Spanish];SCHEMBL269785;HSDB 3209;EINECS 232-693-2;Calcitonin salmon (JP18/USP/INN);Calcitonin [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN];NS00120320;C06865;D00249;
Chemical Name:(4S)-4-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22R)-22-amino-16-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-7-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10,19-bis(hydroxymethyl)-13-(2-methylpropyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21-hexaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20-hexazacyclotricosane-4-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-carbamoylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
Calcitonin is a peptide hormone composed of 32 amino acids, naturally produced by the parafollicular cells (C-cells) of the thyroid gland in mammals and by the ultimobranchial gland in other vertebrates. It plays a pivotal role in calcium and phosphate metabolism by lowering blood calcium levels through inhibition of osteoclast activity and enhancement of renal calcium excretion. Due to its distinct biochemical profile and regulatory functions, calcitonin is a key molecule of interest in endocrinology, bone biology, and cellular signaling research. Its unique structure and receptor-mediated actions make it a valuable tool for investigating molecular mechanisms underlying mineral homeostasis and hormone-receptor interactions.
Endocrine signaling studies: Calcitonin serves as a critical model for research on peptide hormone signaling pathways. Its interaction with the calcitonin receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), offers insight into receptor activation, downstream signaling cascades, and regulatory feedback mechanisms within the endocrine system. Researchers utilize it to elucidate the dynamics of hormone-receptor binding, signal transduction specificity, and receptor desensitization, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of hormonal regulation in vertebrates.
Bone metabolism research: The peptide is extensively employed in studies focused on bone physiology and remodeling. By inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, it provides a direct means to interrogate the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling bone turnover. Investigations using calcitonin have illuminated pathways governing osteoclast differentiation, function, and apoptosis, as well as the cross-talk between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Such research supports the development of models for skeletal diseases and informs the broader field of mineral metabolism.
Calcium homeostasis assays: As a potent regulator of calcium levels, calcitonin is frequently used in experimental systems designed to assess calcium flux, transport, and storage. Its application in in vitro and ex vivo assays enables scientists to monitor changes in cellular calcium uptake, release, and signaling in response to hormonal cues. These studies are instrumental in characterizing the molecular players involved in calcium sensing and regulation across various tissues, including bone, kidney, and neuronal cells.
Peptide-receptor interaction analysis: The well-defined structure and specific receptor affinity of calcitonin make it an ideal probe for studying peptide-receptor interactions. Researchers employ it in binding assays, receptor mutagenesis experiments, and structural biology investigations to delineate the determinants of ligand specificity and receptor activation. Such work advances the field of GPCR biology and aids in the rational design of peptide analogs or receptor modulators for research applications.
Comparative endocrinology: Calcitonin is also utilized in comparative studies across species to explore evolutionary aspects of hormone function and adaptation. By examining its sequence conservation, receptor distribution, and physiological roles in different vertebrate taxa, scientists gain valuable perspective on the diversification of hormonal control systems. These comparative approaches enrich our understanding of vertebrate physiology and inform the study of endocrine system evolution and adaptation.
3. Adipose tissue is a key organ for the beneficial effects of GLP-2 metabolic function
5. Autoinhibition and phosphorylation-induced activation of phospholipase C-γ isozymes
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