Extracellular Death Factor is a bacterial quorum-sensing peptide used to investigate stress responses and cell-density-dependent signaling. Short, hydrophobic and acidic segments modulate receptor binding and aggregation. Researchers examine its conformational states and stability in extracellular-like media. Applications include microbial-signaling models, peptide-based communication studies, and ligand-receptor mapping.
CAT No: R2575
CAS No:960129-66-2
Synonyms/Alias:Extracellular Death Factor;960129-66-2;(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2,4-diamino-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoic acid;Extracellular Death Factor trifluoroacetate salt;Extracellular Death Factor trifluoroacetate salt H-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asn-Asn-OH trifluoroacetate salt;H-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asn-Asn-OH;Asn-Asn-Trp-Asn-Asn;HY-P2145;AKOS040755312;DA-53087;FE109892;H-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asn-Asn-OH; H-NNWNN-OH;CS-0109076;Extracellular Death Factor trifluoroacetate salt, >=95% (HPLC);
Extracellular Death Factor is a well-characterized peptide toxin produced by certain strains of Escherichia coli, recognized for its role in bacterial population dynamics and stress response regulation. As a quorum-sensing peptide, it functions as a signaling molecule mediating cell-to-cell communication, particularly in the context of bacterial programmed cell death and population control. Its unique biochemical properties and involvement in microbial community behavior make it a valuable research tool in microbiology, molecular biology, and synthetic biology. The study of this factor has provided fundamental insights into bacterial altruism, self-regulation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying toxin-antitoxin systems.
Microbial signaling research: As a key modulator of quorum-sensing pathways, the peptide is extensively utilized to investigate bacterial communication networks. Researchers employ it to dissect the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria sense population density and coordinate collective behaviors, such as biofilm formation, stress adaptation, and resource allocation. Its application enables elucidation of how peptide-based signals orchestrate complex microbial responses, facilitating the development of new strategies to manipulate or disrupt quorum sensing in pathogenic bacteria.
Programmed cell death studies: The factor serves as a model system for exploring bacterial programmed cell death and toxin-antitoxin module regulation. By introducing the peptide into bacterial cultures, scientists can induce and monitor cell death pathways, allowing for the characterization of genetic and biochemical factors that confer susceptibility or resistance. These studies provide critical understanding of microbial population homeostasis, evolutionary dynamics, and the adaptive significance of altruistic cell death in prokaryotic communities.
Antimicrobial strategy development: Due to its role in mediating bacterial cell death, the peptide is investigated as a molecular tool for the development of novel antimicrobial approaches. Researchers utilize it to probe the vulnerabilities of bacterial populations and to screen for compounds or genetic modifications that modulate susceptibility to toxin-induced killing. Insights gained from these applications inform the design of targeted interventions aimed at controlling bacterial growth, persistence, and resistance.
Synthetic biology and circuit engineering: The well-defined signaling and regulatory properties of the peptide make it an attractive component for synthetic biology applications. Scientists integrate it into engineered genetic circuits to create tunable population control systems, biosensors, or programmed lysis modules. Its use in the rational design of microbial consortia and controllable cell fate switches supports advances in bioproduction, biocontainment, and therapeutic delivery systems, expanding the toolkit available for precise manipulation of microbial behavior.
Evolutionary and ecological studies: The peptide is also employed in research addressing the evolutionary dynamics of microbial populations. By modulating its concentration or genetic determinants, investigators can study the selective pressures that shape toxin-antitoxin systems, the emergence of cooperative or competitive behaviors, and the ecological impact of programmed cell death on community structure. These applications contribute to a deeper understanding of microbial ecology, evolutionary biology, and the principles governing the stability and diversity of bacterial populations.
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