TAT 2-4 is a peptide derived from HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein.
CAT No: R1707
CAS No:1159916-66-1
Synonyms/Alias:1159916-66-1;TAT 2-4;H-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Arg-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-DL-Gln-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-Gly-DL-Tyr-Gly-DL-Arg-DL-Lys-DL-Lys-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-DL-Gln-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-DL-Arg-Gly-OH;TAT 2-4 trifluoroacetate salt;DA-78208;
TAT 2-4 is a synthetic peptide derivative designed to facilitate cellular delivery and intracellular trafficking studies. As a member of the trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide family, it exhibits cell-penetrating properties that enable it to traverse biological membranes efficiently. This characteristic has established its relevance in biochemical research, particularly in the context of molecular transport, cargo delivery, and functional peptide analysis. Its sequence and structural features make it a valuable tool for probing mechanisms of cellular uptake and for engineering advanced delivery systems in vitro.
Cell-Penetrating Peptide Research: TAT 2-4 serves as a model system for investigating the mechanisms by which cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) mediate translocation across lipid bilayers. Researchers employ this peptide to dissect endocytic and non-endocytic pathways, providing insight into how specific amino acid motifs influence membrane interaction and penetration efficiency. These studies are fundamental for understanding peptide-membrane dynamics and optimizing CPP design for various laboratory applications.
Intracellular Delivery Studies: The peptide is frequently used as a molecular vehicle for the intracellular delivery of diverse cargoes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. By conjugating bioactive molecules to TAT 2-4, scientists can evaluate and quantify the efficiency of cytosolic delivery, subcellular localization, and payload release. Such investigations are critical for developing non-viral delivery platforms and enhancing the functional delivery of research reagents into challenging cell types.
Peptide Engineering and Modification: TAT 2-4 is often incorporated into peptide engineering projects aimed at modifying or enhancing cell-penetrating activity. Its modular structure allows for sequence alterations, labeling, or conjugation with functional groups, enabling systematic studies on structure-activity relationships. These efforts support the rational design of next-generation CPPs with improved specificity, reduced cytotoxicity, or tailored intracellular targeting properties.
Model System for Functional Assays: As a prototypical CPP, TAT 2-4 is utilized in various in vitro functional assays to assess membrane permeabilization, peptide stability, and cellular uptake kinetics. Its predictable behavior and well-characterized properties make it a reliable standard for benchmarking new peptide constructs, optimizing assay conditions, or validating experimental protocols in peptide-related research workflows.
Analytical Method Development: The peptide is also employed in the development and validation of analytical methods for quantifying peptide uptake, distribution, and metabolism within cells. Techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry can be optimized using TAT 2-4 as a reference compound, ensuring accurate measurement of peptide internalization and facilitating comparative studies across different experimental systems.
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