TAT (48-57) (TFA) is a cell-permeable peptide, derived from HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein residue 48-57.
CAT No: R1706
TAT (48-57) TFA is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the trans-activator of transcription (TAT) protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), specifically encompassing amino acids 48 to 57. This decapeptide is widely recognized for its potent cell-penetrating properties, which are attributed to its highly basic and arginine-rich sequence. As a research tool, it has become invaluable for studies focused on intracellular delivery, molecular trafficking, and the development of peptide-based delivery systems. The TFA (trifluoroacetate) salt form ensures stability and solubility, making the compound highly suitable for a variety of experimental protocols in molecular and cellular biology.
Cell Penetration Studies: TAT (48-57) is extensively utilized to investigate the mechanisms underlying cellular uptake of peptides and proteins. Its unique sequence facilitates efficient translocation across biological membranes, enabling researchers to dissect the physicochemical and structural factors that govern cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) activity. By employing this peptide fragment in model systems, scientists can elucidate pathways such as macropinocytosis and direct translocation, thereby advancing the understanding of intracellular delivery mechanisms.
Cargo Delivery Research: The peptide serves as a powerful vector for the intracellular delivery of diverse molecular cargos, including nucleic acids, proteins, nanoparticles, and small molecules. By covalently or non-covalently linking TAT (48-57) to various biomolecules, researchers can enhance cellular uptake and achieve targeted delivery to specific subcellular compartments. This application is particularly valuable in the development of novel delivery platforms for gene editing tools, fluorescent probes, and functional enzymes, facilitating experimental manipulation within living cells.
Peptide Conjugation and Functionalization: In biochemical research, TAT (48-57) is frequently employed as a functional moiety in the design of chimeric peptides and bioconjugates. Its incorporation into synthetic constructs allows for the generation of hybrid molecules with enhanced membrane permeability, expanding the range of biologically active peptides that can be studied in intracellular contexts. This strategy is instrumental in probing protein-protein interactions, signaling cascades, and other dynamic cellular processes that require efficient cytosolic access.
Live Cell Imaging: The cell-penetrating capabilities of the TAT fragment are leveraged in live cell imaging studies, where it is conjugated to fluorescent dyes or imaging agents. Such constructs enable real-time visualization of intracellular events, protein localization, and trafficking dynamics. By facilitating the entry of labeled probes into live cells, TAT (48-57) supports high-resolution imaging without the need for invasive techniques, thus preserving cellular integrity and physiological relevance.
Peptide Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Analysis: TAT (48-57) is a model system for investigating the structural determinants of cell-penetrating peptides. Its sequence serves as a reference for rational design and modification of CPPs, allowing researchers to systematically assess the impact of amino acid substitutions, truncations, or chemical modifications on cellular uptake and biological activity. These SAR studies contribute to the optimization of peptide-based delivery vectors and advance the field of targeted molecular delivery.
Through these diverse applications, TAT (48-57) TFA has established itself as a fundamental research tool in the study of membrane translocation, intracellular delivery, and peptide engineering. Its utility extends across molecular biology, chemical biology, and nanotechnology, enabling the development of innovative experimental approaches and the generation of new insights into cellular function and molecular transport.
1. Autoinhibition and phosphorylation-induced activation of phospholipase C-γ isozymes
5. Emu oil in combination with other active ingredients for treating skin imperfections
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